石灰性水稻土中硝酸盐依赖型与光合型亚铁氧化过程

厌氧条件下土壤中铁氧化还原过程与土壤氮循环关系密切,且硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化(nitrate-dependent ferrous oxidation,NDFO)和光合型亚铁氧化(photosynthetic ferrous oxidation,PFO)是亚铁氧化的两个重要的生物途径,然而目前关于石灰性水稻土中NDFO与PFO之间的关系仍不明晰。以采自黄河中下游地区河南省孟津县的水稻土为样品,设置培养前添加和培养过程中添加10 mmol·L^-1的硝酸根离子/铵离子(NO₃^-/NH₄⁺)的恒温厌氧泥浆培养试验,通过监测泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)、O₂、NO₃^-和亚硝酸根离子(NO₂^-)的动态变化与培养后的NH₄⁺含量探究了NO₃^-在石灰性水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)氧化过程的作用及其与光合型亚铁氧化的关系。结果...     

设施菜田不同施氮处理对硝酸盐迁移和积累的影响

在设施菜地条件下,研究了氮肥减施及配施抑制剂处理在黄瓜生长期对土壤NO3--N迁移累积的影响。结果表明,氮肥减施处理可显著降低土壤表层和整个土体的NO3--N含量。常规施氮量时0~40 cm土层的NO3--N含量均高于其它处理,减氮30%后0~40 cm土层未出现NO3--N显著积累现象;氮肥配施抑制剂处理不同程度降低了土壤NO3--N含量,且抑制硝态氮向下层土壤淋失,其中抑制剂组合的效果最好。氮肥配施抑制剂,可以有效控制NO3--N在土壤和植物体内的过量累积,减少硝态氮淋溶损失。     

Temporal shifts in diversity and quantity of nirS and nirK in a rice paddy field soil

Denitrification is an important part of the nitrogen cycle in the environment, and diverse bacteria, archaea, and fungi are known to have denitrifying ability. Rice paddy field soils have been known to have strong denitrifying activity, but the microbes responsible for denitrification in rice paddy field soils are not well known. Present study analyzed the diversity and quantity of the nitrite reductase genes (nirS and nirK) in a rice paddy field soil, sampled four times in one rice-growing season. Clone library analyses suggested that the denitrifier community composition varied over sampling time. Although many clones were distantly related to the known NirS or NirK, some clones were related to the NirS from Burkholderiales and Rhodocyclales bacteria, and some were related to the NirK from Rhizobiales bacteria. These denitrifiers may play an important role in denitrification in the rice paddy field soil. The quantitative PCR results showed that nirK was more abundant than nirS in all soil samples, but the nirK/nirS ratio decreased after water logging. These results suggest that both diversity and quantity changed over time in the rice paddy field soil, in response to the soil condition.     

水肥耦合对华北高产农区小麦-玉米产量和土壤硝态氮淋失风险的影响

在封丘农田生态系统国家试验站, 通过多组水肥组合试验, 研究了冬小麦-夏玉米轮作下, 水、肥对作物产量、硝态氮在土壤剖面中的分布特征及其淋失风险的影响。结果表明, 适宜灌溉情况下, 氮磷配施是提高作物产量的关键, 氮钾配施与磷钾配施增产效果不明显。统计结果表明, 各因素对小麦产量影响次序依次为氮肥≥磷肥＞灌溉＞钾肥, 对玉米产量的影响次序为氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥＞灌溉, 只有氮磷对作物产量的影响达到统计学上的显著性差异。随着施氮量和灌溉量的增加, 硝态氮累积峰峰值增加, 峰厚度加厚, 出现位置加深, 且根区外硝态氮含量亦显著增加, 极大地提高了硝态氮的淋失风险。适宜氮肥用量与适宜灌溉是减轻硝态氮淋失风险的关键, 氮磷配施可有效降低深层土壤硝态氮累积。研究区域适宜氮肥用量为每年400 kg(N)·hm^-2,适宜磷肥用量为每年225 kg( P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 一般降雨年型全年灌溉量以280 mm 左右为宜。     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

Effect of salinity on nitrogen metabolism in wheat

Objectives of our studies were to quantify effects of salinity on growth and nitrogen metabolism of wheat and to measure variation in response of different cultivars, hybrids, and classes. Methods and criteria for identifying resistance to salinity in wheat, particularly effects on nitrogen metabolism also were tested. Variation in response to salinity was measured by subjecting seedlings of six wheats to one control treatment (‐0.1 bars) and two stress treatments (‐3.5 and ‐10.4 bars) from NaCl, MgSO₄, and MgCl₂ in hydroponic solutions. Both stress treatments retarded growth; wheats significantly varied at ‐3.5 bars but not at ‐10.4 bars. Stress decreased root and shoot nitrate N and total N contents. Studies with one wheat cultivar showed that salinity decreased activity of nitrate reductase enzyme and stimulated accumulation of proline. Salinity more adversely affected vegetative stages than reproductive stages of plants grown to maturity. We concluded that salinity affected wheat by both osmotic effects and antagonism of nitrate metabolism from chloride. Absolute growth and relative growth at different stress levels were superior to differences in nitrogen metabolism as selection criteria for salinity tolerance.     

EFFECT OF PREVIOUS NITROGEN STARVATION ON NO3 − AND NH4 + UPTAKE AND ASSIMILATION ASSOCIATED WITH THE ENDOGENOUS SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION IN MOROCCAN WHEAT SEEDLINGS

Uptake of the two forms of nitrogen NO₃ ^? and NH₄ ⁺ and nitrate reduction have been studied in two varieties of Moroccan wheat seedlings, cvs. Sais and Jouda, cultivated under controlled conditions in a hydroponic medium. The available form of nitrogen in the medium had a direct effect on the rate of nitrogen absorption. A brief nitrogen starvation increased the root length and stimulated accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, especially in the root tissues. A resupply of nitrogen stimulated ammonium and nitrate uptake and assimilation with higher mobilization of the soluble carbohydrates previously accumulated in root seedlings. It is suggested that root nitrogen and carbohydrate status might both regulate nitrate uptake and reduction in Moroccan wheat seedlings.

The seedlings raised with the nitrate supply accumulated nitrate in the vacuole as an osmoticum. Shoots are the preferential site for such accumulation. The accumulation of mineral nitrogen was absent in the seedlings cultivated with ammonium supply but was compensated by accumulation of soluble organic nitrogen.     

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.     

新型生物炭基氮肥对土壤一冬小麦系统氮素累积及相关生物活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了掺混型、吸附型和反应型3种新型生物炭基硝酸铵氮肥在冬小麦生长过程中对土壤氮素累积及冬小麦对氮素的利用状况和相关生物活性的影响。试验处理包括CK（不施氮肥,不施生物炭）、硝酸铵氮肥、生物炭、掺混型生物炭基氮肥、吸附型及反应型生物炭基氮肥。研究结果表明：不同工艺制备的生物炭基氮肥对土壤铵态氮的累积具有显著影响,吸附型和反应型处理在冬小麦生长季铵态氮平均值大于对照（CK）,对于总氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮累积量的影响不显著。除了生物炭单施处理外,其他处理均比CK显著提高冬小麦地上部的总氮累积量,但对冬小麦的氮素利用状况无显著影响,且三种炭基氮肥处理问无显著差异;施用不同类型生物炭基氮肥对土壤微生物量氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性具有提高作用,而对微生物量碳含量、亚硝酸还原酶和脲酶活性无显著影响。     

淹涝胁迫和氮形态对苗期玉米糖、氮代谢底物量的影响

采用砂培培养方法,比较研究淹水和不同氮形态(铵态氮、硝态氮以及铵态氮︰硝态氮为1︰1)对苗期玉米根、茎鞘和叶的糖、氮代谢底物——可溶性糖、还原糖、硝态氮和游离氨基酸等物质含量的影响。结果表明,当淹涝胁迫持续7 d时,在非淹涝胁迫条件下,铵态氮处理的根、茎鞘和叶的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量均显著高于硝态氮处理(P<0.05);在淹涝胁迫条件下,硝态氮处理的根、茎鞘和叶的生物量干重显著低于铵态氮处理(P<0.05),其根和叶的生物量干重也显著低于铵态氮、硝态氮混合处理(P<0.05)。与非淹涝条件相比,在淹涝胁迫条件下,硝态氮处理的根系和叶的硝态氮含量显著降低(P<0.05),降低幅度分别高达62.6%和30.0%;此外,与非淹涝条件相比,在淹涝胁迫条件下,铵态氮处理的根的可溶性糖、还原糖以及游离氨基酸含量,茎鞘的可溶性糖和还原糖含量以及叶的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸含量均显著升高(P<0.05),而硝态氮处理仅根、茎鞘和叶的还原糖含量以及叶的游离氨基酸含量显著升高(P<0.05)。因此,在本试验条件下,由于糖、氮代谢底物含量充足,铵态氮处理的苗期玉米具有相对较强的耐淹涝胁迫能力。