Cellular immunity to canine mammary tumor cells demonstrated by the leucocyte migration technique.

Cellular immunity to canine mammary tumor cells was studied by means of the leucocyte migration technique (LMT). Intact tumor cells, separated either by enzymatical or mechanical disruption, were used as antigen, and efforts were made to cultivate tumor cells in vitro. Fifteen female tumorous dogs were studied, and 12 non-tumorous mainly male dags were used as controls. Leucocytes from tumor-bearing females were mixed with own autologous or foreign homologous tumor cells, and control leucocytes were presented with cells from the same source. In addition, leucocytes from tumorous animals and controls were mixed.Animal group A comprised 8 tumor-bearing females. In this group mixtures of different cell numbers and different tumor cell/leucocyte ratios were tried. Animal group B comprised 7 tumor-bearing females, and 40 × 10⁶ leucocytes from these were mixed with 2 × 10⁶ antigencells, antigen-cell/leucocyte ratio 0.05. A great number of tumor cells (tumor cell/leucocyte ratio > 0.05) caused strong non-specific inhibition of leucocyte migration, but in spite of marked inhibition (< 61%) in the homologous system in animal group A, inhibition in the autologous system was found to be stronger (72.2–92.3%). In animal group B, dogs presented with own tumor cells showed marked inhibition (23.7–90.1%), while the controls showed a migration inhibition below 20%. Mixtures of homologous leucocytes showed inhibition of the same order as mixtures of control leucocytes and tumor cells. Thus evidence of cellular immunity against own canine mammary tumor cells was obtained. It proved difficult to cultivate the tumor cells for more than 2–3 passages. Some evidence of antigenic cross reactivity was obtained between 2 adenocarcinomas. Enzymatical separation of tumor cells did not seem to alter antigenic characteristics of the cell surface. Mechanical separation, however, proved to be simpler, more rapid and yielded cell suspensions largely free of debris, and is therefore recommended for further work.     

Skeletal Metastasis as the Initial Clinical Manifestation of Metastatic Carcinoma in 19 Dogs

Although the skeleton represents a potentially important target for the metastatic spread of carcinoma, the clinicopathologic features of skeletal metastases in dogs have not been documented extensively. In particular, no reports have focused on dogs in which skeletal metastasis was the initial clinical manifestation of their malignancy. Medical records were reviewed for dogs with skeletal carcinoma and cases were subdivided into 2 groups based upon the temporal relationship between the diagnosis of carcinoma and recognition of skeletal metastases. In 19 of 24 (79%) dogs, skeletal metastasis was the initial clinical manifestation of malignancy, and these dogs were studied in detail. Most affected dogs were elderly and weighed less than 25 kg. Thirty-six skeletal lesions were identified in 19 dogs. Skeletal metastases occurred most frequently in the axial skeleton and proximal long bones. Only 4 of 36 (11%) skeletal carcinomas occurred distal to the elbow or stifle. Mammary gland, prostate, and urinary bladder were the most common primary sites. In 11 of 19 (58%) dogs, the primary tumor could not be determined, and in 6 of these dogs, the primary tumor could not be identified despite complete postmortem evaluation. Physical examination and abdominal ultrasonography were most valuable in detecting the primary tumor. Although biopsy or fine-needle aspirate of skeletal lesions was essential in the diagnosis of skeletal carcinoma, these procedures did not yield definitive information on the primary tumor site. This report documents that the majority of skeletal metastases are diagnosed in dogs without a previous diagnosis of carcinoma. Detection of the primary tumor in these cases may be challenging, and skeletal metastases are frequently attributable to carcinoma of unknown origin.     

卵巢肿瘤患者血清CA125的检测及其意义

目的：探讨CA125检测在卵巢肿瘤患者中的临床意义。方法：应用免疫放射分析法（IRMA）测定75例恶性卵巢肿瘤（包括上皮性恶性卵巢肿瘤62例．非上皮性恶性卵巢肿瘤13例）、19例子宫内膜异位症、13例盆腔结缔组织炎、96例良性上皮性卵巢肿瘤、13例交界性卵巢肿瘤及52例健康女性的血清CA125值．并结合其临床表现作统计学分析。结果：恶性上皮性卵巢肿瘤患者血清CA125值明显高于良性卵巢肿瘤、交界性卵巢肿瘤和非上皮性恶性卵巢肿瘤患者．差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;但与子宫内膜异位症、盆腔结缔组织炎患者血清CA125值比较差异无显著性（P〉0.05）;血清CA125的表达与上皮性恶性卵巢肿瘤的临床分期、化疗疗效密切相关（P〈0．01）。结论,血清CA125作为卵巢肿瘤标记物的重要指标,应在其诊断及治疗中常规检测。     

冷应激对家禽神经内分泌系统的影响

冷应激可引起家禽生产性能下降,诱发多种疾病,甚至造成死亡。研究家禽冷应激发生机制,探索科学的应激监测方法,对提高应激预防水平,保障畜牧业发展有重要意义。冷应激反应的生理机制几乎涉及所有器官和组织,能量代谢、神经内分泌、行为和生产性能等均发生改变,其中,神经内分泌在整合调节过程中起主导作用：主要综述了寒冷应激对以交感神经．肾上腺髓质（SAM）系统、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质（HPA）轴和下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺（HPT）轴为主的神经内分泌机能的影响.     

THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF PRIMARY LIVER NEOPLASIA IN DOGS

The signalment, anamnesis, and histopathologic, gross pathologic, and radiographic findings in 22 dogs with nonvascular, nonhematopoletic primary liver tumors were reviewed. The tumor types represented were hepatoma (8), bile duct cystadenoma (1), hepatocellular carcinoma (5), and cholangiocellular carcinoma (8). The dogs averaged 11.1 years of age. Females were predisposed to cholangiocellular carcinoma. The most common presenting clinical signs were general malaise, anorexia, PU/PD, vomiting, and seizures. Tumors ranged in size from diffuse 0.5-1 cm nodules to an 18-cm solitary mass and were located in any of the liver lobes. Four of the five diffuse tumors were cholangiocellular carcinomas. The most common radiographic appearance for any type of liver tumor was a right cranial abdominal mass causing caudal and left gastric displacement. In 54.5% of the dogs, radiographic evidence of intraperitoneal disease was identified. Nodular interstitial pulmonary masses were seen in 3 of the 22 dogs.     

RADIOTHERAPY OF FELINE NASAL TUMORS A Retrospective Study of Nine Cases

Between 1978 and 1986, nine cats with nasal tumors were treated with radiation therapy. Rhinotomy was performed in six cats and diagnostic biopsy procedures were performed in three cats. For four of the specimens, a histologic review was significantly different from the initial diagnosis. At the time of analysis, one cat was alive and disease free 26.3 months after the first radiation therapy treatment; two of the cats were dead as a result of local recurrence, four were dead because of unrelated causes, and two were dead of unknown causes. The mean and median survival of cats in this study were 27.9 and 20.8 months, respectively, following the first radiation therapy. There was a 66.7% one-year, 44% two-year, and 33% three-year survival rate. Complications of the surgery and radiation therapy were minimal. In conclusion, the histologic evaluation of nasal neoplasms in cats is not straightforward and may require specialized histologic technics for accurate diagnosis. Radiation appears to be safe and may be efficacious in local control of feline nasal tumors.     

COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHY, MYELOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE EVALUATION OF CANINE VERTEBRAL AND SPINAL CORD TUMORS IN SIXTEEN DOGS

Radiographic, myelographic and computed tomographic (CT) studies from sixteen dogs with histologically diagnosed vertebral or spinal cord neoplasia (seventeen lesions) were retrospectively evaluated. Radiographs were compared with CT images to evaluate vertebral bony changes (bone production, lysis or both). Myelographic and CT images were evaluated to separate lesions into one of three categories, extradural, intradural/extramedullary, or intramedullary. These findings were compared to histologic tumor type from surgical or necropsy samples. Histologically, seven lesions were vertebral tumors and were classified as extradural lesions; ten lesions were spinal cord tumors of which eight were classified as intradural/extramedullary and two as intramedullary. Using CT, the amount of bony change associated with extradural lesions was greater than or equal to the amount of bony change visualized using radiographs. Myelography more correctly differentiated between intradural/ extramedullary and intramedullary lesions than did CT, although three open diagnoses detracted from the CT results. This study suggests that when evaluating extradural lesions, the amount of bony change was better visualized using CT than survey radiographs. Myelography was better when compared to CT for classifying spinal cord lesions, however, standardization of the CT imaging protocol may help determine the specific clinical indications for using CT in dogs with suspected vertebral or spinal cord tumors.     

POTENTIAL FOR INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY TO PERMIT DOSE ESCALATION FOR CANINE NASAL CANCER

We evaluated the impact of inverse planned intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) on the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) and on the normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs) of brain and eyes in dogs with nasal tumors. Nine dogs with large, caudally located nasal tumors were planned using conventional techniques and inverse planned IMRT for a total prescribed dose of 52.5 Gy in 3.5 Gy fractions. The equivalent uniform dose for brain and eyes was calculated to estimate the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) of these organs. The NTCP values as well as the DVHs were used to compare the treatment plans. The dose distribution in IMRT plans was more conformal than in conventional plans. The average dose delivered to one-third of the brain was 10 Gy lower with the IMRT plan compared with conventional planning. The mean partial brain volume receiving 43.6 Gy or more was reduced by 25.6% with IMRT. As a consequence, the NTCPs were also significantly lower in the IMRT plans. The mean NTCP of brain was two times lower and at least one eye could be saved in all patients planed with IMRT. Another possibility with IMRT is dose escalation in the target to improve tumor control while keeping the NTCPs at the same level as for conventional planning. Veterinary     

Retrobulbar tumors in dogs and cats: 25 cases

Twenty-five cases of retrobulbar tumors are presented and discussed. Affected animals were dogs and cats (average 10.7 years). No breed or sex predisposition was noted. The most common clinical signs were exophthalmos (84%), conjunctival hyperemia (40%), protrusion of the nictitating membrane (28%), exposure keratitis (20%) and fundus abnormalities (20%). Diagnostic tools included fine needle aspiration, radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography and histology. Surgical treatment by orbitotomy or exenteration was combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy in some cases. The prognosis was poor with low survival times: 1 month in cats, and 10 months in dogs, with a high rate of euthanasia (35%) at the time of diagnosis.     

甘肃省马肿瘤的流行病学调查

采用流行病学方法,1991～2003年对甘肃省各地州市的各个牧场和分散饲养马的肿瘤的发病情况进行了调查,并采用病理解剖学和组织学方法对病例进行确诊,结果表明:在甘肃省马肿瘤中良性肿瘤的发病率明显高于恶性肿瘤,其中发病最多的为纤维瘤,占全部肿瘤的42.31%,且公马的纤维瘤发病率比母马高;调查还发现马肿瘤的发病率与年龄有关,多发于5～10岁;同时还发现马肿瘤的高发区与人肿瘤的高发区地域分布一致。