局部涂抹纳米碳与尿素溶液对桃树梢叶生长及氮素吸收、分配的影响

以7年生的鲁星油桃为试材,采用15 N同位素示踪技术进行田间涂抹试验,研究不同浓度纳米碳与相同浓度尿素溶液(0μg/mL+0.2%,50μg/mL+0.2%,100μg/mL+0.2%,200μg/mL+0.2%,分别以CK、NC50、NC100、NC200表示)涂抹部分叶片对桃树局部梢叶生长、氮素吸收及分配的影响,以期为桃树栽培过程中施用碳纳米提供新的思路和有益的参考。结果表明:与对照相比,施用纳米碳后桃树涂抹叶片单叶面积明显增加,叶绿素含量显著提高,NC200处理下叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度比对照提高了15.8%,30.0%,12.4%;纳米碳的施用提高了桃树新梢的干物质积累量,NC100、NC200处理比对照增加了10.5%和12.9%,提高了新梢各部位的全氮含量;高浓度的纳米碳(NC200处理)提高了新生器官对氮素的吸收征调能力(Ndff值);随纳米碳浓度的增大氮素的利用效率显著提高,NC50、NC100、NC200处理的氮素利用率比对照提高了13.6%,29.5%,40.0%;此外,新生嫩叶部分以NC200处理的氮素分配率最高,达19.55%,NC50、NC100、NC200处理氮素分配率比对照提高了4.5%,16.2%,17.1%,差异显著。以上结果表明,纳米碳能够促进新梢叶片对氮素的吸收利用,有效提高叶绿素含量、光合作用效率及新梢局部氮素利用率,影响氮素在梢叶各部位间的分配,促进氮素向生长中心(新生嫩叶)的转移。     

microRNA-124-3p调控H1N1亚型猪流感病毒致小鼠肺损伤的研究

为研究microRNA-124-3p（miR-124-3p）对H1N1亚型猪流感病毒（swine influenza virus,SIV）感染小鼠所致肺损伤的调控作用,本试验构建miR-124-3p腺病毒表达载体,通过小鼠尾部静脉注射法构建miR-124-3p差异表达小鼠模型,试验分3组：过表达组、抑制组和对照组。48 h后,各组小鼠鼻腔接种H1N1亚型SIV,每只10⁵ EID₅₀（50 μL）。连续观察14 d,计算小鼠平均体重变化率、观察病理切片并测定相关炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA相对表达量。结果显示,已成功将pre-miR序列及其sponge序列插入腺病毒的穿梭质粒,并将其共转染293A细胞。实时荧光定量PCR检测证实,与对照组相比,过表达组和抑制组小鼠黑色素瘤细胞miR-124-3p表达水平分别极显著升高（P<0.01）和显著降低（P<0.05）,表明成功构建腺病毒表达载体。过表达组、抑制组和对照组小鼠体重变化率分别为－5.5%、－12.4%和－8.6%。抑制组和对照组均可见肺泡壁增厚,其间有多量淋巴细胞浸润,部分肺泡内出现纤维蛋白渗出,且抑制组病理变化更为严重,肺泡中还有大量的红细胞浸润;而过表达组仅有少量的淋巴细胞浸润,肺脏组织较正常。与对照组相比,过表达组检测的炎症因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA表达水平均显著降低（P<0.05）;抑制组炎症相关炎症因子mRNA表达水平均显著升高（P<0.05）。本试验结果表明,miR-124-3p对H1N1亚型SIV感染小鼠所致的肺脏炎症因子的表达具有抑制作用,同时能减轻肺脏病理损伤。     

Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application

Biochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S₁), S₁ with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S₀), and routine urea application rates (N₁) and 70% of routine rates (N_0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N_0.7 and N₁ were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N_0.7-SB significantly mitigated the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N₁-SB reduced the straw-induced NH₃-N and N₂O-N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N_0.7-SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH₃-N and N₂O-N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN_0-20). N losses (N₂O-N and NH₃-N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN_0-20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN_0-20 (SOC/ SIN_0-20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN_0-20 and increased DOC/SIN_0-20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw-induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.     

Leaf carbohydrates assimilation and metabolism affect seed yield of rapeseed with different waterlogging tolerance under the interactive effects of nitrogen and waterlogging

Waterlogging is a main factor causing rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) yield loss, and reasonable nitrogen (N) applications can compensate for this loss. To investigate the effects of N rates on seed yield of waterlogged rapeseed, the waterlogging-tolerant rapeseed variety ZS 9 and sensitive variety GH01 were waterlogged for 0 and 10 days with five leaves at the seedling stage under four N rates (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg/ha). Waterlogging significantly decreased seed yield, while N application can alleviate the yield loss. The yield decrease rate of waterlogged GH01 was greater than that of ZS 9 under the same N rate. During the seedling and bolting stage, the leaf photosynthetic rate (Pn) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity increased, while activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), sucrose synthase (SuSy) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) decreased with more N under the same watering conditions. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the leaf Pn and Rubisco activity, starch and sucrose contents of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the two stages; activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS of waterlogged rapeseed decreased at the seedling while increased at the bolting stage for both the two varieties. At the flowering stage, the Pn, the activities of Rubisco, AGPase, SuSy, SPS and contents of sucrose, starch increased with more N application for both ZS 9 and GH01. Compared to the plants without waterlogging, the Pn and Rubisco activity for waterlogged plants of the two varieties increased; the waterlogged plants of tolerant variety had higher activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS, while those of sensitive variety was significantly lower. However, the decreased starch and sucrose content were found in both tolerant and sensitive varieties. The activities of AGPase, SuSy and SPS at flowering were highly positively correlated with yield under the interactive effects of N and waterlogging. These results suggested that the flowering stage is the most important stage that N had the positive regulation on waterlogged rapeseed growth. The carbohydrates translocation from leaves to seeds of the tolerant variety were enhanced after waterlogging, while that of the sensitive variety was still inhibited. This was the main reason for the difference in yield between the two waterlogged varieties.     

应用~(15)N示踪探究楸树无性系对氮素的吸收和分配

为探讨楸树无性系对氮素的吸收、分配及利用特性,以2年生楸树无性系015-1、1-3、7080、1-4和004-1组培苗为试验材料,应用15N示踪技术对楸树无性系进行施肥试验。结果表明,5个楸树无性系氮肥的吸收率、利用率及分配率具有较强的一致性,氮肥利用率介于27.14%~31.24%之间。楸树无性系根和叶的肥料氮比例(Ndff)明显大于茎,楸树无性系根和叶对氮肥的竞争力较强,茎对氮肥的竞争力最弱。015-1茎部氮素分配率及无性系7080根部氮素分配率明显高于其他4个无性系;氮素分配率在各个器官中差异显著,叶片氮素的分配率最高,总体趋势为叶根茎。本研究结果为楸树氮肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

籼、粳超级稻光合物质生产与转运特征的差异研究

为阐明籼、粳超级稻干物质积累及光合生产特征的差异,以江苏地区大面积推广种植的5个超级杂交籼稻组合和5个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对稻麦两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻干物质积累、分配、运转及叶面积、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率、秧苗素质、叶型等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明,粳稻生育前期(移栽至拔节期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及上三叶叶长、叶基角、叶开角、披垂度和叶面积衰减率、收获指数均小于籼稻,而生育中后期(拔节至成熟期)干物质积累量、光合势、群体生长率、净同化率及有效叶面积率、高效叶面积率、粒叶比(颖花/叶、实粒/叶、粒重/叶)、最大叶面积指数、总充实量、实收产量、生物产量、茎鞘最大输出量和表观输出量及比率均大于籼稻,差异显著或极显著。虽然粳稻主要生育期单茎干物重均不及籼稻,但群体数量优势保证粳稻具有较高的群体干物质积累量和叶面积,且随着生长发育的持续,群体光合物质生产优势不断加大,群体干物质积累量于抽穗后25 d前后超过籼稻。粳稻灌浆后期(乳熟至成熟期)仍保持强劲生长优势,而灌浆初期(抽穗至乳熟期)茎鞘贮存物质合理输出,有效保障了高效光合层的安全支撑及高积累产量库的流畅充实。高生物学产量的稳定形成和叶面积“稳升缓降”态势以及拔节至成熟期较强的高效光合物质生产,是粳稻光合系统高效持续产出、灌浆充实多及高产形成的重要特征和原因。     

Residual nitrogen effect of clover-ryegrass swards on yield and N uptake of a subsequent winter wheat crop as studied by use of N methodology and mathematical modelling

The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the ¹⁵N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha ⁻¹ greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha⁻¹ of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha⁻¹ was leached following ryegrass in monoculture.     

用 1/N 展开法研究钨的能谱

用玻色子1／N展开技术研究了6个钨同位素的能谱和约化电磁跃迁概率B(E2)．结果表明，展开式的高阶项十分重要，6个核的能级能量的理论值和实验值的方均根差，最大的是154keV，最小的只有11keV，符合得令人满意．而且理论能正确地符合实验方面跃迁概率的“回弯”现象．     

施氮叶龄期对中筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的调节效应

不同叶龄期施氮以中筋小麦品种扬麦10号籽粒产量和品质性状影响的研究结果表明：籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及其产量、容重、出粉率、千粒重、面筋含量、面团吸水率、面团形成时间、断裂时间、弱化度等以基追比为5：5的处理优于基肥一次性施用的处理;籽粒蛋白质含量和产量均表现为基肥加后期追有处理最高,其次是基肥加前期追肥处理;容重、面团稳定时间、断裂时间、公差指数以3／0叶期追肥效果最优,千粒重、面团吸水率和面团形成时间则随施氮时期推迟而呈上升趋势。     

N离子注入对陆地棉发芽率和出苗率的影响

在3千电子伏(Kev)能量和四种不同的注入时间下,用N离子注入四个陆地棉品种干种子内,以估计不同品种承受能力和不同剂量对棉花出苗率和发芽率的影响。结果表明:PD系统的品种有较好的承受能力,而同一品种在四种剂量下的发芽率无显著的差异。