黄土旱区土壤C/N调控对谷子根系形态及产量的影响

为明确土壤C、N配施调控旱地谷子根系形态构建及产量形成的关联机制,研究以晋谷21谷子品种为试验材料,采用大田试验（处理小区面积30 m²）,设置不同C/N调控处理：CK（N 21.7 kg/hm²);A（N 21.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;B（N 32.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;C（N 43.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;D（N 54.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）,N为含量为46%的尿素,C为玉米秸秆生物炭,系统调查了谷子根系形态指标体系和产量构成因子的变化规律。试验结果表明：①土壤CN合理配施可以有效增加谷子的产量,增产效果以处理C最为显著,较CK 处理显著增加44.9%;②同等生物炭施用水平下,充足或过量的N会抑制根系伸长下扎,但有助于根系的横向生长和体积膨大,处理B对根系总长、总表面积、总体积都有显著的促进作用,分别提升4.75%、13.92%、17.02%。③同等生物炭施用水平下,增施氮肥会减少土壤含水量,其中B处理较CK处理土壤水分含量显著降低4.2%;④增加氮素的施用可以有效促进谷子在抽穗期和灌浆期的根系生长发育,促进根系干物质的积累,与CK处理相比,A、B、C三个处理抽穗期和灌浆期谷子根系的干物质都显著性增加,增幅分别为28.13%、35.93%和24.75%,灌浆期增幅分别为36.83%、46.35%、49.52%;⑤配施生物炭可有效调控土壤电导率和土壤温度随作物生育期和气候环境的变化而变化,与CK相比,B处理显著降低土壤电导率19.5%,D处理显著提升了3%的土壤温度,对根系形态发育和功能发挥具有显著影响。综上所述,合理的CN配施调控可以通过改善土壤水肥环境,优化根系空间分布格局和功能,实现谷子产量和水分利用效率同步提升。     

氮磷钾施肥配比对骏枣叶绿素荧光参数的影响

【目的】揭示骏枣的叶绿素荧光参数对氮磷钾在不同施肥时期施肥配比的响应机制。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区3年生骏枣为试验材料,均株施N 0.440 kg、P₂O₅ 0.368 kg、K₂O 0.079 kg,按不同量分别于萌芽期、花期和果实膨大期施入,共组成A、B、C、D 4个氮磷钾施肥配比,以萌芽期施入尿素和磷酸二铵混合肥（质量比为1∶2.5）0.4 kg/株为对照,采用Handy PEA 植物荧光效率仪测定花期和成熟期骏枣叶片的荧光参数,研究氮磷钾施肥配比对其叶绿素荧光参数的影响。【结果】4种施肥配比的叶绿素荧光参数日变化趋势基本一致,在骏枣花期和成熟期,初始荧光（F₀）均大致呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,而最大荧光（Fm）、PSⅡ最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ最大光能转化潜力（Fv/F₀）总体呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势;4种施肥配比方案对骏枣的F₀、Fm、可变荧光（Fv）和Fv/Fm影响差异显著,花期F₀、Fm和Fv的顺序为C配比>B配比>A配比>D配比,Fv/Fm的顺序为D配比>C配比>A配比>B配比;成熟期F₀的顺序为C配比>A配比>B配比>D配比,Fm和Fv的顺序为D配比>C配比>B配比>A配比,Fv/Fm的顺序为D配比>B配比>C配比>A配比。【结论】不同施肥方案比较结果显示,采用D配比（萌芽期施氮0.176 kg/株、磷0.123 kg/株、钾0.040 kg/株,花期施氮0.132 kg/株、磷0.123 kg/株、钾0 kg/株,果实膨大期施氮0.132 kg/株、磷0.123 kg/株、钾0.040 kg/株）时骏枣的最大荧光产量和PS Ⅱ 光能转换效率及PS Ⅱ 电子传递活性最高,说明在氮磷钾施用总量相同的情况下,于花期和果实膨大期追施磷钾肥能够改善骏枣的光合功能。     

Can differences in 15N natural abundance be used to quantify the transfer of nitrogen from legumes to neighbouring non-legume plant species?

Natural variations in the stable isotope ¹⁵N are often exploited in studies of N cycling in ecosystems. Lower ¹⁵N natural abundance in non-legume plants growing in association with legumes, compared with the non-legume grown alone in pure stands have been observed in cropping, forage, and agroforestry systems. Such observations have frequently been attributed to the transfer of biologically-fixed nitrogen (N) from the legume to the companion non-legume, and various methodologies have been employed to calculate the extent of the N transfer. While some of these ¹⁵N natural abundance-based estimates of N transfer were within the range previously reported using equivalent ¹⁵N-enriched techniques (<20% of non-legume plant N and <10 kg N ha⁻¹ derived from fixed N contributed by neighbouring legumes), many of the values obtained using natural abundance were much higher (30%–83% of the non-legume N derived from fixed N representing up to 30–40 kg N ha⁻¹) than generally measured by ¹⁵N-enriched methods; with even greater estimates being determined where data were available to allow N transfer to be re-calculated on the basis of total legume N rather than fixed N (42% to >100%, and up to 110 kg N ha⁻¹ per year). This review raises concerns about the assumptions behind the natural abundance approach, and provides some alternative interpretations for the observed differences in natural ¹⁵N abundance between plants grown in the presence and absence of legumes. It was concluded that simple comparative measures of non-legume δ¹⁵N alone cannot provide a quantitative estimate of N transfer between plant species if the dominant source and the isotopic identity of the transferred N cannot be validated, and if the extent of any isotopic fractionation associated with relevant N transformations occurring during transfer cannot be defined. To date this information is not forthcoming. There is a need to greatly improve our understanding of the transfer processes before the real value of the δ¹⁵N technology can be realized. In the first instance this will primarily be achieved by carefully executed experiments under controlled conditions, and in the field, employing both ¹⁵N natural abundance and enrichment approaches so estimates of transfer can be compared, and the data interrogated using modelling approaches to explore isotopic fractionation.     

Legume–barley intercropping stimulates soil N supply and crop yield in the succeeding durum wheat in a rotation under rainfed conditions

Legume–cereal intercropping is increasingly being appreciated in dryland areas, where severe climatic conditions and intensive agricultural practices, generally dominated by continuous cereal cultivation, determine depletion of soil nutrient resources and decline of soil fertility. This research aimed to assess whether and to what extent a newly introduced legume-based intercropping system is able to ameliorate the biological fertility status of an arable soil in a way that is still noticeable during the succeeding durum wheat cropping season in terms of changes in bacterial community structure, soil C and N pools, and crop yield. A field experiment was carried out under rainfed conditions in Southern Italy on a sandy clay loam soil cultivated with durum wheat following in the rotation a recently established grain legume (pea, faba bean)–barley intercropping. Soil chemical, biochemical and eco-physiological variables together with compositional shifts in the bacterial community structure by LH-PCR fingerprinting were determined at four sampling times during the durum wheat cropping season. Soil fertility was estimated by using a revised version of the biological fertility index. Results showed that even though the microbial biomass was significantly altered, the preceding legume intercrops stimulated C-related functional variables thus leading to an increased release of mineral N, which was larger in crop treatments succeeding pea-based than faba bean-based intercropping. The increased N made available in soil enabled the succeeding durum wheat to achieve an adequate grain yield with a reduced N-fertilizer use. Soil type and environmental conditions rather than crop treatments were major determinants of bacterial community structure. The biological fertility status was not varied, suggesting that in intensively managed rainfed areas long-term crop rotations with intercropped legumes are needed to consistently ameliorate it.     

Stability of co‐composted hydrochar and biochar under field conditions in a temperate soil

Hydrothermally converted biomass (hydrochar) is evaluated as a carbon‐rich soil amendment in addition to pyrogenic biochar. After assessing the suitability of hydrochar for use in agriculture, its environmental safety and comparing its chemistry with that of biochar, we describe a field trial established at Halle (Germany) under natural conditions for a temperate climate and without further external management practices. The main objective of our study was to analyse the stability and hence the C sequestration potential of composted chars over a period of 2 years. Four treatments (no amendment control, compost, co‐composted hydrochar and co‐composted biochar) in fourfold field replication were chosen to make a direct comparison of biochar and hydrochar under field conditions. The total organic carbon and total N increased in all treatments in comparison with the control but only in biochar‐amended treatments were N concentrations more stable. Composted biochar showed significantly more black carbon content in topsoil, sampled some months after application, compared with all other treatments. We show that hydrochar is less suitable for long‐term C sequestration in comparison with biochar but has potential for soil amelioration because it delivers essential nutrients. On the other hand, biochar is richer in polyaromatic C than hydrochar and therefore is more stable in the long term. We assessed biochar stability using the black carbon analysis of the different soil samples.     

In-field management of corn cob and residue mix: Effect on soil greenhouse gas emissions

In-field management practices of corn cob and residue mix (CRM) as a feedstock source for ethanol production can have potential effects on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CRM piles, storage in-field, and subsequent removal on soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions. The study was conducted in 2010–2012 at the Iowa State University, Agronomy Research Farm located near Ames, Iowa (42.0°′N; 93.8°′W). The soil type at the site is Canisteo silty clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Endoaquolls). The treatments for CRM consisted of control (no CRM applied and no residue removed after harvest), early spring complete removal (CR) of CRM after application of 7.5 cm depth of CRM in the fall, 2.5 cm, and 7.5 cm depth of CRM over two tillage systems of no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) and three N rates (0, 180, and 270 kg N ha⁻¹) of 32% liquid UAN (NH₄NO₃) in a randomized complete block design with split–split arrangements. The findings of the study suggest that soil CO₂ and N₂O emissions were affected by tillage, CRM treatments, and N rates. Most N₂O and CO₂ emissions peaks occurred as soil moisture or temperature increased with increase precipitation or air temperature. However, soil CO₂ emissions were increased as the CRM amount increased. On the other hand, soil N₂O emissions increased with high level of CRM as N rate increased. Also, it was observed that NT with 7.5 cm CRM produced higher CO₂ emissions in drought condition as compared to CT. Additionally, no differences in N₂O emissions were observed due to tillage system. In general, dry soil conditions caused a reduction in both CO₂ and N₂O emissions across all tillage, CRM treatments, and N rates.     

秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化及N2O排放的影响

运用乙炔抑制技术研究了不同施氮水平下秸秆还田对灌溉玉米田土壤反硝化反应和氧化亚氮(N2O)排放的影响。结果表明,土壤反硝化速率及N2O的排放受氮肥施用、秸秆处理方式及其交互作用的显著影响。与秸秆燃烧相比,不施氮或低施氮水平时,秸秆还田可刺激培养初期反硝化反应速率及N2O排放,增加培养期间N2O平均排放通量;高施氮水平时,秸秆还田可降低反硝化反应速率及反硝化过程中的N2O排放。秸秆还田可降低反硝化中N2O/N2的比例。     

Si3N4/TiCnano制备中Y2O3-Al2O3的影响机理研究

采用Y2O3-Al2O3复合烧结助剂制备Si3N4／TiCnano复合陶瓷材料,研究了Y2O3与Al2O3的配比、烧结助剂体积分数对纳米复合陶瓷材料力学性能、致密化进程和显微结构的影响,并利用SEM等手段对其影响机理作了探讨。研究结果表明：烧结助剂的配比、体积分数影响到烧结体中液相的量和粘度等,并进一步影响到材料的致密化进程和显微组织,材料致密化程度的提高和显微结构的改善是其力学性能提高的根本原因。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/Guangxi/1/2005株抗药机制的研究

为研究H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)的抗药机制,本研究选取Clade2.3.4亚群中一株对金刚烷胺敏感的人源AIV A/Guangxi/1/2005(H5N1)(S-GX05),用抗流感病毒药物金刚烷胺对其进行定向诱导,筛选出一株抗药性病毒株,命名为R-A/Guangxi/1/2005(R-GX05)。通过全基因测序并与S-GX05全基因序列进行对比,结果显示S-GX05只在其M2蛋白中有一个氨基酸位点发生突变,即A30P;抗药性鉴定这两株病毒的半数药物抑制浓度(IC50)分别为0.9μM和48.9μM,表明R-GX05对金刚烷胺表现出一定程度的抗性。动物实验证实,这两株病毒对BALB/c小鼠的致病性基本一致,均表现出高致病性,其MLD50分别为4.7 log10 EID50和5.0 log10 EID50,两株病毒在小鼠体内各组织脏器中的分布及增殖能力也基本相同。这些结果表明,S-GX05在药物压力下产生抗药性后,并未引起其它生物学特性的改变。A30P的发现为进一步从分子水平上研究H5N1亚型AIV的抗药机制及新型抗流感新药的研发奠定了基础。     

氮肥后移对引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋溶损失的影响

通过田间小区试验研究在优化施肥条件下氮肥后移技术对引黄灌区水稻籽粒产量和氮素渗漏淋失量的影响。结果表明:与农民常规施肥处理(N300)比较,氮肥后移各处理在氮素投入降低20%的基础上水稻产量没有降低,显著提高了氮肥利用率,N240/3处理的氮肥利用率达到40.5%,比N300处理提高了8.8%。田面水中TN和NH4+浓度施肥后1～3d达到最大,而NO3-极大值出现在施肥后3～5d内,之后逐渐降低,施肥后的前9d做好水肥管理是防止氮素流失的关键时期。N300处理氮素渗漏淋失主要发生在分蘖期,氮肥后移处理主要发生在分蘖期和孕穗期,TN渗漏淋失量在29.78～44.51kg/hm2之间,N240/3处理TN淋失量比N300处理降低了33.1%;氮素淋失形态以NO3-为主,占TN淋失量的74.14%～79.44%。综合考虑水稻产量和环境效益,氮肥后移技术N240/3处理可作为一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术在水稻种植上应用。