Proton accumulation accelerated by heavy chemical nitrogen fertilization and its long-term impact on acidifying rate in a typical arable soil in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

Cropland productivity has been signiifcantly impacted by soil acidiifcation resulted from nitrogen (N) fertilization, especialy as a result of excess ammoniacal N input. With decades’ intensive agricul...     

Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

淹水稻田氮的损失

A field microplot experiment was conducted during the tillering stage of paddy rice to investigate nitrogen(N) Iosses from flooded rice fields following fertilizer application. After application of ammonium bicarbonate, most of nitrogen in the flood water was present as NH₄-N and its concentration varied widely with time. Concentrations of both NO₃-N and NO₂-N in the floodwater were low due to the weakened nitrification. Under flooded anaerobic reducing conditions, soil solution concentrations of NO₃-N and NH₄-N were nothigh, ranging from 0.6 mg L^-1 to 4.8 mg L^-1, and decreased with soil depth. However, the ground water wasstill contaminated with NO₃-N and NH₄-N. Rainfall simulation tests showed that the N losses via runoff inrice fields were closely related to the time intervals between fertilizer applications and rainfall events. Whena large rain fell for a short period after fertilizer application, the N losses via runoff could be large, which could have a considerable effect on surface water quality. Both irrigation and N fertilizer application must be controlled and managed with great care to minimize N losses via runoff from agricultural land.     

水氮管理模式对不同氮效率水稻氮素利用特性及产量的影响

以高产氮高效品种(德香4103)和中产氮低效品种(宜香3724)为材料,通过“淹水灌溉+氮肥优化运筹(W1N1)”、“控制性交替灌溉+氮肥优化运筹(W2N1)”、“旱种+氮肥优化运筹(W3N2)” 3种水氮管理模式处理,研究其对氮素利用及产量的影响及其生理特性,并探讨氮素利用及产量与生理响应间的关系。结果表明,氮效率品种间的差异与水氮管理模式对水稻氮素利用特征、灌溉水生产效率、生理特性及产量均存在显著影响;不同氮效率品种间在氮肥利用效率方面的差异明显高于水氮管理模式的调控效应;而水氮管理模式对灌溉水生产效率、总吸氮量、氮素干物质生产效率及稻谷生产效率的调控作用显著。W2N1相对于W1N1及W3N2水氮管理模式能促进不同氮效率水稻拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至成熟期氮素的累积,提高功能叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、光合速率(P_n)及根系活力,进而提高稻谷产量及氮肥利用率,且对中产氮低效品种的调控效应显著高于对高产氮高效品种,为本试验最佳的水氮管理模式。高产氮高效品种的平均总颖花数、拔节至抽穗期稻株氮累积量、功能叶GS活性、P_n及根系活力均显著高于氮低效品种,尤其结实期高产氮高效品种更有利于维持叶片及根系的代谢同化能力,利于氮素转运、再分配到籽粒中提高稻谷生产效率及氮肥利用效率,是氮高效品种相对于氮低效品种高产、氮高效利用的重要原因。相关分析表明,水氮管理模式下不同氮效率水稻主要生育时期功能叶GS活性、P_n及根系活力与氮素利用及稻谷产量均存在显著或极显著的正相关;尤其以水稻抽穗期剑叶GS活性及根系活力与氮素利用及稻谷产量的正相关性最高。     

麦秸还田对水稻产量及地表径流NPK流失的影响

在大田试验条件下,以水稻品种运2645为供试材料,设置常规处理（A）、麦秸还田（B）、麦秸还田减肥（C）、肥料运筹（D）和旋耕（E）5个处理组合,研究不同处理对水稻产量及农田地表径流NPK流失的影响。结果表明：（1）麦秸还田使水稻产量比常规处理增加3.0%左右;（2）试验年度稻季农田总地表径流水量为4.3×103m3·hm-2;（3）麦秸还田减肥和麦秸还田处理比其处理明显降低农田地表径流水体NPK流失量,不同处理地表径流总N流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、常规处理、肥料运筹和旋耕,不同处理地表径流总P和K的流失量由低到高依次为麦秸还田减肥、麦秸还田、肥料运筹、常规处理和旋耕;（4）麦秸还田能够降低稻田地表径流NPK的流失率,但麦秸还田减肥处理由于流失量减小幅度远低于肥料施用量的减小幅度,其NPK流失率均表现为最高;（5）麦秸还田使水稻产量略有增加,使稻田地表径流水体NPK流失量和流失率均明显降低。     

不同施肥措施对稻田土壤温室气体排放的影响

选取江西红壤性双季稻水稻土为研究对象,采用盆栽模拟试验研究了4种不同施肥措施即当地农民习惯施肥(FP)、较FP减施20%化肥氮且有机肥替代20%化肥氮(T1)、在T1基础上加施Si、Zn、S三种微肥(T2)和在T2基础上采用20%缓释氮肥替代普通化肥氮(T3)对稻田主要温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O排放的影响,并对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)、水稻产量的影响进行了分析。结果表明:4种处理稻田土壤CO2的总排放通量均无显著性差异;稻田土壤N2O的总排放量与FP处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理均有显著性减少(P<0.05),分别减少了31.72%、27.17%和43.65%,T3较T2处理显著减少22.83%(P<0.05);稻田土壤CH4的总排放量与FP处理相比,T1、T2、T3处理分别高了13.06%、13.90%、21.97%,其中T3处理差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。与FP处理相比,T1、T2、T3处理显著提高了SMBC和SMBN的含量(P<0.05),分别提高了18.91%、19.30%、20.07%和28.95%、31.66%、29.96%;T1、T2、T3处理对水稻产量均无显著性影响。稻田土壤CH4和N2O的排放与SMBC和SMBN存在显著的相关性(P<0.01)。总体看,T3处理在降低N2O的总排放量的同时对提升土壤SMBC和SMBN含量具有明显作用。     

水稻高产、优质和氮高效协同的氮素调控研究

以超级粳稻‘新稻18号’为试验材料,大田条件下,研究不同施氮量(0、232.5、255.0、277.5、300.0、322.5和345.0kg/hm2纯氮水平)对水稻产量、品质及氮肥吸收利用效率的影响,以明确高产、优质和氮高效协同的适宜氮素水平。结果表明,随氮素水平提高,水稻产量、稻米品质和氮肥吸收利用效率均呈先增后降趋势。施氮量为255.0kg/hm2纯氮处理下,产量最高为9 878.11kg/hm2,稻米的糙米率、精米率和整精米率较高,分别为84.81%、72.85%和66.94%,垩白粒率和垩白度较低,分别10.00%和2.86%,氮肥吸收利用效率较高,为41.34%。低氮肥和高氮肥处理,产量、品质和氮肥利用效率相对较低。说明,在适宜的氮肥水平下,水稻高产、优质和氮高效可达到协同一致。     

氮钾配施对花菜产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

花菜氮、钾配施试验研究结果表明:氮、钾肥料配合施用不仅能够增加产量,提高果实中Vc和糖分含量,改善品质,而且能够促进花菜对氮、磷、钾等养分的吸收,提高肥料利用率.     

滇池流域设施条件下氮磷对土壤硝酸盐累积的影响

 研究了滇池流域集约化地区设施条件下氮磷化肥对土壤硝酸盐的累积规律。研究结果表明:土壤中硝酸盐的积累主要受氮肥施用量的影响,磷肥对土壤中硝酸盐的积累的影响,因种植的作物不同而有较大的差异,在种植辣椒的土壤中,磷肥对土壤硝酸盐积累有显著影响,施磷降低土壤中的硝酸盐。在种植西芹的土壤中,磷肥对土壤中硝酸盐的影响因氮肥的投入量不同而有不同的表现,生菜中施磷对土壤硝酸盐累积无显著影响。     

黄土旱区土壤C/N调控对谷子根系形态及产量的影响

为明确土壤C、N配施调控旱地谷子根系形态构建及产量形成的关联机制,研究以晋谷21谷子品种为试验材料,采用大田试验（处理小区面积30 m²）,设置不同C/N调控处理：CK（N 21.7 kg/hm²);A（N 21.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;B（N 32.7 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;C（N 43.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）;D（N 54.3 kg/hm², C 6.7 kg/hm²）,N为含量为46%的尿素,C为玉米秸秆生物炭,系统调查了谷子根系形态指标体系和产量构成因子的变化规律。试验结果表明：①土壤CN合理配施可以有效增加谷子的产量,增产效果以处理C最为显著,较CK 处理显著增加44.9%;②同等生物炭施用水平下,充足或过量的N会抑制根系伸长下扎,但有助于根系的横向生长和体积膨大,处理B对根系总长、总表面积、总体积都有显著的促进作用,分别提升4.75%、13.92%、17.02%。③同等生物炭施用水平下,增施氮肥会减少土壤含水量,其中B处理较CK处理土壤水分含量显著降低4.2%;④增加氮素的施用可以有效促进谷子在抽穗期和灌浆期的根系生长发育,促进根系干物质的积累,与CK处理相比,A、B、C三个处理抽穗期和灌浆期谷子根系的干物质都显著性增加,增幅分别为28.13%、35.93%和24.75%,灌浆期增幅分别为36.83%、46.35%、49.52%;⑤配施生物炭可有效调控土壤电导率和土壤温度随作物生育期和气候环境的变化而变化,与CK相比,B处理显著降低土壤电导率19.5%,D处理显著提升了3%的土壤温度,对根系形态发育和功能发挥具有显著影响。综上所述,合理的CN配施调控可以通过改善土壤水肥环境,优化根系空间分布格局和功能,实现谷子产量和水分利用效率同步提升。