不同N源对兴安落叶松苗木生长,养分吸收及离子平衡的影响(英文)

本文研究了不同N源对落叶松苗木干物重、养分吸收及离子平衡的影响。结果表明:施铵态N的苗木干物重小于对照处理;施硝铵态N的苗木生长与对照和施硝态N的苗木差别不大,但较施铵态N的苗木生长要好。铵态N与硝铵态N处理苗木地上部的阳离子总浓度受N水平的影响很小,而硝态N处理时则阳离子浓度增加;各处理对地上部阴离子浓度的影响均不大。在根部除硫酸根与钙离子外,阳离子与阴离子浓度均变化不大。硝态N处理的苗木具有较高的C-A值;△(C-A)/△Norg值在硝态N处理的苗木中随N供应量的增加而略有变化,但铵态N处理则明显下降;硝铵态N处理苗木的△(C-A)/△Norg值界于铵态N处理与硝态N处理之间。     

有机肥对蔬菜无机氮利用率及氮去向的影响

为了明确蔬菜农田大量施用有机肥对无机氮肥利用率的影响,本研究采用微区15N示踪法,连续2季研究了增施有机肥对蔬菜无机氮肥利用率及其有机肥后效对土壤残留化学N肥（15N标记尿素）利用的影响。结果表明：单施化学氮肥（CF）和增施有机肥（CF+M）2个处理第1季蔬菜体内分别有25%~26%和14%~18%的N来自化学N肥,化学氮肥利用率（UEN）分别为25.61%和18.16%;有机肥后效也显著影响第2季蔬菜体内来自土壤残留15N标记尿素的百分数（NDF）和第2季蔬菜对第1季残留15N标记尿素的利用率;CF和CF+M 2季累积对第1季所施15N标记尿素的利用率分别为28.76%、19.60%。与CF比较,CF+M对每季收获后0~200 cm土壤剖面15N标记尿素的回收率影响不显著,但增施有机肥促进剖面硝态氮的累积与下移;CF+M也显著提高了每季收获后15N标记尿素的损失率,第2季收获后CF和CF+M的15N标记尿素损失率分别为53.7%、61.2%。     

Natural abundance N in soil and litter across a nitrate-output gradient in New Hampshire

Stable isotopes of nitrogen are potentially a valuable tool for regional assessments of nitrogen saturation because they provide an integrated measure of the past nitrogen cycling history of a site. We measured δ¹⁵N of soil and litter, as well as net nitrification potential, at three sites across a nitrate-loss gradient in the White Mountains, New Hampshire to test the hypotheses: (1) that δ¹⁵N in soil and litter increase across a spatial gradient of nitrate loss; and (2) that δ¹⁵N in soil and litter is elevated when nitrification is elevated. δ¹⁵N was found not to vary significantly among the three sites. Patterns of leaf litter and forest floor δ¹⁵N, however, were strongly influenced by species composition in individual plots. Beech litter had significantly higher δ¹⁵N than yellow birch, sugar maple, and red maple. The conifer-dominated plots had significantly lower δ¹⁵N in both the organic soil horizons and in litter than did the hardwood-dominated plots. When we adjusted for spatial heterogeneity in mineral soil δ¹⁵N values by using an enrichment factor, δ¹⁵N_foliar − δ¹⁵N_Bs, in place of absolute soil δ¹⁵N values, a positive relationship was found with net nitrification for hardwoods. δ¹⁵N may also be a useful tool for evaluating species differences in nitrogen cycling and nitrogen uptake. The distinct pattern we observed of decreasing δ¹⁵N across the continuum from hardwood-dominated to conifer-dominated sites may suggest that local drivers (for example, nitrification rate) regulate the absolute value of foliar δ¹⁵N, while species-driven factors (e.g., timing and type of uptake) control the foliar δ¹⁵N value of one species relative to another in the same plot.     

Nitrogen contribution by multipurpose trees to rice and cowpea in an alley cropping system in Sierra Leone

In an alley cropping experiment, a study was carried out on N₂ fixation by Gliricidia sepium, nitrogen (N) accumulation by prunings of Gliricidia, Senna siamea (formerly Cassia siamea) and Gmelina arborea, and the N contribution to associated crops of rice and cowpea.Total N accumulated by the hedgerow trees ranged from 297–524 kg N ha^–1 on average but varied between tree species and depended on the growing season. Gliricidia sepium accumulated 370 kg N ha^–1 on average and more than half of this came from fixation. Senna siamea and Gmelina arborea served as reference trees for estimating N₂ fixation. The estimates of N₂ fixation using Gmelina as a reference gave higher estimates than those using Senna.Although the dry matter and nitrogen yields of prunings from the hedgerow trees were high, their relative nitrogen contribution to the associated crops was generally low ranging from 5 to 29%. Higher crop yields and nitrogen contribution were observed with Gliricidia sepium prunings. The low N contribution from prunings was attributed to the lack of synchronization between the N released from the prunings and the crop's demand for N.     

Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production

As the aquaculture industry intensively develops, its environmental impact increases. Discharges from aquaculture deteriorate the receiving environment and the need for fishmeal and fish oil for fish feed production increases. Rotating biological contactors, trickling filters, bead filters and fluidized sand biofilters are conventionally used in intensive aquaculture systems to remove nitrogen from culture water. Besides these conventional water treatment systems, there are other possible modi operandi to recycle aquaculture water and simultaneously produce fish feed. These double-purpose techniques are the periphyton treatment technique, which is applicable to extensive systems, and the proteinaceous bio-flocs technology, which can be used in extensive as well as in intensive systems. In addition to maintenance of good water quality, both techniques provide an inexpensive feed source and a higher efficiency of nutrient conversion of feed. The bio-flocs technology has the advantage over the other techniques that it is relatively inexpensive; this makes it an economically viable approach for sustainable aquaculture.     

华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系的氮素循环与平衡

对华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素输入输出的数量特征、平衡状况进行了分析,并评估其优化潜力。研究表明,华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田每年的氮素输入中,化学氮肥、农家肥、降水、灌溉、非生物固氮和种子带入农田的氮分别为545、68、21、15、15和5kghm-2a-1,氮素年输入总量为669kghm-2a-1;每年的氮素输出中,作物收获带走的氮为311kghm-2a-1,而氨挥发、反硝化和淋洗损失的氮分别为120、16和136kghm-2a-1,氮素年输出总量为583kghm-2a-1;氮素年盈余量为86kghm-2a-1。目前我国华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系农田氮素处于大量赢余状态,从而导致氮素大量损失。因此,加强氮肥管理,提高氮肥利用率,加大有机肥施用的力度,是华北地区农田氮素资源管理的长期任务。     

N+离子注入陆地棉花粉对胚珠DNA及M1代cDNA表达的影响

通过对胚珠DNA的SSR标记分析,在DNA水平上检测氮离子束诱变后胚珠的多态性变化,结果表明,离子注入陆地棉花粉后再给雌蕊授粉,会对胚珠的DNA多态性产生影响,表明在一定程度上改变了花粉中精细胞的DNA序列;利用抑制性消减杂交(SSH)分离N+离子诱变花粉和对照正常花粉分别给雌蕊授粉后产生的M1代植株叶片间表达有差异的cDNA片段,建立差异表达cDNA文库。已测序的有50个缩减cDNA克隆,根据BLAST网络服务检索查询EMBLGen、 Bank、DDBJ和PDB的核苷酸序列数据库以及蛋白质氨基酸序列数据库,进行序列联配,结果发现52%序列在数据库中都有同源的棉属来源的EST。38个EST与其他物种已知基因部分区域的同源性为56%-100%,占总EST的76%;5条EST序列能在数据库中检索到同源性序列,但其功能（占10%）尚不清楚;9个EST能在数据库中发现为推测蛋白,占18%;4个EST在GenBank中没有查到对应的同源序列,占8%。     

Interactive effects of biochar and micronutrients on faba bean growth,symbiotic performance,and soil properties

Leguminous crops are significantly involved in the global symbiotic biological N₂ Fixation (BNF), an eco‐friendly process in the agriculture system. Biochar is considered as a vital amendment in improving growth and quality of crops and soils. Few investigations have been conducted to determine the combination effect of biochar with microelements on growth of legumes and soil properties. This study was designed to study the effect of soybean straw‐derived biochar (SSDB) with or without microelements on soil microbial and chemical properties, growth, yield, and seed chemical composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Results revealed that dehydrogenase (DHA) and phosphatase (P‐ase) activities were markedly improved with the increase of SSDB rates under addition of microelements and their highest values were recorded after 90 d. Significant increases were noticed in nodulation activities, nodulation numbers (30.1–72.8), concentrations of N (1.62–1.93%), P (0.15–0.21%), and K (0.53–0.67%), and seed chemical constituents due to the addition of SSDB in the presence of microelements. Moreover, the combination of biochar with microelements caused significant changes in microbial counts. Overall, this investigation shows the potential and role of SSDB in enhancing the growth quality of faba bean seeds as well as an improvement of soil characteristics.     

短期培养下抑制剂烯丙基硫脲对土壤硝化作用及微生物的影响

硝化抑制剂烯丙基硫脲（ATU）对土壤硝化作用及温室效应的影响及机理尚不清楚。本研究采集典型旱地土壤,进行21天室内微宇宙培养,探究了氮肥与不同剂量ATU（分别为氮素用量的1%, 5%, 10%, 15%和20%）配施对土壤硝化作用及N2O和CO2排放通量的影响,并通过实时荧光定量PCR和高通量测序16S rRNA基因技术监测硝化微生物群落变化,同时与传统硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）进行了保氮减排效果的对比。结果表明,与未施加氮肥的对照相比（CK）,单施氮肥（N）显著提高了土壤硝化强度并促进了N2O排放。DCD能显著抑制硝态氮和N2O的积累,抑制效率分别为68.6%和93.3%。而低浓度ATU对土壤硝化作用无影响,仅在高浓度具有抑制效应,且抑制效率最高仅为14.7%。所有ATU处理N2O排放量均显著降低,降幅为60.3～68.2%,仍远高于DCD处理。处理间N2O和CO2的综合温室效应强弱顺序为N>ATU+N>DCD+N≈CK,且不同ATU施用量处理之间差异不显著。相关分析发现氨氧化细菌（AOB）,而不是氨氧化古菌（AOA）和全程氨氧化细菌（Comammox）,与土壤硝态氮积累和N2O排放显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关。高通量测序结果表明Nitrosovibrio tenuis类型AOB对氮肥诱导的硝化过程起主导作用。除此之外,ATU和DCD还能显著提高Cupriavidus,并降低Patulibacter、Aeromicrobium、Actinomycetospora、Defluviicoccus和Acidipila等微生物属在群落中的相对丰度。该研究为深化土壤碳氮循环理论,合理使用硝化抑制剂以及减缓温室气体排放提供科学依据。     

Effects of prescribed burning and seasonal and interannual climate variation on nitrogen mineralization in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia

Fires in grasslands significantly alter nutrient cycling processes. Seasonal climatic changes can interact with fire to further modify nutrient cycling processes. To investigate the effects of fire on soil nitrogen transformation processes and their seasonal change and interannual variability in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, we determined the rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification over two growing seasons and a winter following a prescribed spring fire in May 2006. Fire significantly decreased rates of both net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrification during the first growing season and winter following burning. Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization in unburned and burned plots in the 2006 growing season was 133% and 183% higher, respectively, than in the drier 2007 growing season. Nitrogen mineralization apparently occurred in winter and the cumulative net nitrogen mineralization from October 2, 2006, to April 27, 2007 in unburned and burned plots amounted to 1.18 ± 0.25 g N m⁻² and 0.51 ± 0.08 g N m⁻², respectively. Cumulative net nitrogen mineralization was higher in a wet 2006 than in a dry 2007 growing season, indicating that the net N mineralization rate was sensitive to soil moisture in a dry season. Our study demonstrated that a one-time prescribed fire decreased net N mineralization rates only for a short period of time after burning while interannual variation in climate had more significant effects on the process of nitrogen mineralization.