林改后林业有害生物防控服务体系建设的思考

针对集体林权制度改革后林权结构分散化、经营形式多样化的特点,探索了林业有害生物防控服务体系,旨在促进林改后的林业有害生物防治及检疫工作的开展,确保林权制度改革目标的实现。     

Small-scale vegetable producers’ perception of pests and pesticide uses in East Shewa zone,Ethiopia

Vegetable growers’ knowledge of pest and their control method was assessed in 2014 in East Shewa zone, Ethiopia. Vegetable growers were well aware of key pests of vegetables, although some of them did not consider pests as constraint to vegetable production. All respondents scouted their vegetables for pests and used presence or absence of pest as criterion for spraying. About 76% of the respondents read pesticide label before buying pesticides, while the rest 24% of the respondents did not read pesticide labels. All vegetable growers sprayed insecticide, whereas fungicides and herbicides were applied by 90% and 7% of the respondents, respectively. About 72% of the respondents washed their sprayer after each application day and discharged the washings onto the soil. Moreover, the majority (62%) of the respondents threw empty pesticide containers around the field. Also, it was found that 71% of the respondents did not use personal protective equipment (PPE) while spraying pesticides, but a few used one or two types of PPE. More than half of the respondents sprayed pesticides on mature crops and sold the produce within three to five days.     

The Experimental Application of Insecticides from a Helicopter for the Control of Riverine Populations of Glossina tachinoides in West Africa. VI. Observations on Side-Effects

Abstract

The experimental application by helicopter of six insecticides to riverine forest galleries of the Komoe River in Upper Volta against Glossina tachinoides Westw. was monitored for its effects upon non-target organisms, in particular birds, fish, insects and crustaceans inhabiting the experimental area. There was no recognisable mortality associated with applications of these insecticides on birds or fish. Aerosol applications of permethrin and decamethrin produced mortalities in two species of crustacea and very high mortalities occurred from a residual treatment of decamethrin at 12.5 g a.i./ha.     

Field evaluation and economics of insecticides against the major pests of okra

Abstract

Bio‐efficacy of 15 insecticides was evaluated against the pest complex of okra in the semi‐arid region of Rajasthan during July‐October, 1984. Five sprays given at intervals of 15 days throughout the crop period indicated that fenvalerate (0.02%) was most effective, followed by permethrin (0.02%), cypermethrin (0.02%), carbaryl (0.10%), monocrotophos (0.04%) and dimethoate (0.03%), against leafhoppers, aphids and fruit borer. The maximm yield of marketable fruits was obtained with fenvalerate, followed by cypermethrin, carbaryl, monocrotophos and dimethoate treatments. Highest net‐profit of Rs. 4890.00 was also recorded with fenvalerate treatment, followed by Rs. 4430.00 with carbaryl, Rs. 4148.00 with permethrin, Rs. 3977.00 with monocrotophos and Rs. 3053.00 with dimethoate treatments. A higher benfit cost ratio was found with carbaryl (1:9.78), followed by dimethoate (1:7.85), monocrotophos (1:5.18), methyl demeton (1:5.07), fenvalerate (1:3.43) and permethrin (1:2.41). These insecticides can also be used against insect pests of other vegetable crops of the season.     

植物源杀虫剂在储粮害虫防治上的研究现状及展望

综述了近年来国内外对于植物源杀虫剂防治储粮害虫的研究现状和进展,并分析了其在国内的产业化发展情况。植物源杀虫剂因其具有杀虫活性成分多样性、对害虫作用方式的复杂性及对环境友好的特点,使其具有非常广阔的应用前景;国外对植物源杀虫剂防治储粮害虫的研究较为深入,多注重杀虫有效成分的鉴定、杀虫效果及机制的研究;现阶段中国对于防治储粮害虫的植物源杀虫剂研究较少,且应用于生产上的商品化品种有限,还有待进一步探索。通过分析总结,提出目前植物源杀虫剂在储粮害虫防治上存在的问题,并提出了相应的意见和建议,展望了今后的发展方向,以期为未来中国植物源杀虫剂的研发提供一定的参考。     

近年我国农业植物检疫疫情新发形势分析

植物检疫的目标是控制检疫性有害生物传入、扩散和蔓延。在我国现行的农业植物疫情报告管理制度中,疫情快报最能反映疫情新发情况。为了准确掌握我国农业植物疫情新发动态,本文系统整理了2010年-2018年全国农业植物疫情快报数据,从时间和空间两个维度分析了我国疫情发生的严峻形势,并分析了不同种类农业植物检疫性有害生物的发生动态,以期为我国农业植物疫情及农业植物检疫性有害生物的研究和管控提供参考依据。     

应用芜菁夜蛾线虫防治亚洲玉米螟的研究

1989—1990在北京和河北阜城进行了室内和田间应用线虫防治亚洲玉米螟的研究。用4个种10个品系线虫测定的结果,以芜菁夜蛾线虫Agriotos对玉米螟的致病力最强。Agriotos线虫对玉米螟的致死率随玉米螟龄期的增加而提高,对2龄和5龄初玉米螟的LD50分别为47±2条/头和9±3条/头。线虫施入玉米心叶后随着时间的延长数量逐渐减少,但14天后仍能回收到一定量的线虫。施线虫10天后引入玉米螟,死亡率仍到56.7％,说明线虫侵染力没有丧失。1989年用2000条/株的线虫剂量田间防治夏玉米上玉米螟,6天后死亡率达90.5％,1990年用同一剂量防治夏玉米上玉米螟死亡率为80.4％。     

对孤雌生殖产两性子代的暗黑赤眼蜂的研究

试验证阴暗黑赤眼蜂孤雌生殖能产雌雄两性子代。雌蜂占90％以上,与两性生殖没有区别。在山西运城该蜂寄生棉铃虫及黄地老虎卵,人工接种时也能寄生杨雪毒蛾和多种夜蛾科害虫卵,但不能在柞蚕、蓖麻蚕卵内寄生。用杨雪毒蛾卵作寄主繁殖该蜂,方法简便,效果良好。在棉田小区中分别释放暗黑赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂防治棉铃虫,寄生率分别为63.7％和47.9％。由于该蜂雌性比特高,对棉铃虫的防治效果较好,值得进一步研究。