Vertical distribution of soil properties under short‐rotation forestry in Northern Germany

Short‐rotation forestry (SRF) on arable soils has high potentials for biomass production and leads to long‐term no‐tillage management. In the present study, the vertical distributions of soil chemical and microbial properties after 15 y of SRF with willows and poplar (Salix and Populus spp.) in 3‐ and 6‐year rotations on an arable soil were measured and compared to a pertinent tilled arable site. Two transects at different positions in the relief (upper and lower slope; transect 1 and 2) were investigated. Short‐rotation forestry caused significant changes in the vertical distribution of all investigated soil properties (organic and microbial C, total and microbial N, soil enzyme activities), however, the dimension and location (horizons) of significant effects varied. The rotation periods affected the vertical distribution of the soil properties within the SRF significantly. In transect 1, SRF had higher organic‐C concentrations in the subsoil (Bv horizon), whereas in transect 2, the organic‐C concentrations were increased predominantly in the topsoil (Ah horizon). Sufficient plant supply of P and K in combination with decreased concentrations of these elements in the subsoil under SRF pointed to an effective nutrient mobilization and transfer from the deeper soil horizons even in the long term. In transect 1, the microbial‐C concentrations were higher in the B and C horizons and in transect 2 in the A horizons under SRF than under arable use. The activities of β‐glucosidases and acid phosphatases in the soil were predominantly lower under SRF than under arable use in the topsoil and subsoil. We conclude, that long‐term SRF on arable sites can contribute to increased C sequestration and changes in the vertical distribution of soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme activities in the topsoil and also in the subsoil.     

森林生态系统中初级生产者-分解者养分的关系

 森林生态系统中,初级生产者和分解者之间的养分关系,是一种既互利又竞争的复杂关系。通过构建初级生产者-分解者系统的养分流动模型,分析分解者增长受碳限制或受养分限制的判断标准。在假定整个系统封闭的前提下,讨论初级生产者与分解者实现共存并保持长久稳定的条件:一是分解者必须受碳限制,这要求分解者较之初级生产者对养分吸收具有更强的竞争力;二是矿化系数与碎屑化系数之比(a41/a23)要足够大于在初级生产者中的碳/养分与在分解者中的碳/养分之比(α/β)。这表明,从化学计量论的角度来看,生态系统的持续和稳定,对碳/养分之比和植物与微生物的竞争能力方面有严格的要求。     

农业生态系统养分循环再利用作物产量增益的地理分异

根据3个地点中长期田间试验联网比较研究发现，保持养分循环再利用可明显减少作物产量的年际波动，使作物具有较好的产量稳定性。农业生态系统养分循环再利用的产量增益与化肥施用和所处气候区的热量因素有关。在无化肥的前提下，保持80％循环率养分循环再利用的平均粮食增产量从北向南分别是：海伦262 kg·hm^-2(14年平均)，沈阳956 kg·hm^-2(12年平均)，桃源3 063 kg·hm^-2(11年平均)；在施用N、P化肥基础上保持养分循环再利用     

中国东南部红壤地区不同植被对土壤侵蚀和土壤养分的影响

The effect of different vegetation systems including bamboo plantation (BP), forest ecosystem (CF), citrus orchard (Ctr) and farmland (FL) on erosion and nutrients of red soil were investigated in hilly region of southeastern China to find effective control measures for soil erosion. The results showed that all the vegetation systems could significantly reduce soil erosion and nutrient losses compared to bare land (Br). The ability of different vegetation systems to conserve soil and water was in the order of Ctr > BP > CF > FL > Br. Vegetation could also improve soil fertility. The soil organic matter, total N and total P contents were much higher in all the vegetation systems than in bare land, especially for the top soils. Vegetation systems improved soil physical properties remarkably. Compared to the bare land, soil organic matter, TP, TK and available K, especially soil microbial biomass C, N and P, increased under all the vegetation covers. However, they were still much lower than expected, thus these biological measurements are still needed to be carried out continuously.     

沼渣对铅锌冶炼废渣生物化学性质及植物生长的影响

为研究沼渣作为改良剂对铅锌冶炼废渣环境条件的改善及修复植物生长的影响,采用盆栽试验研究不同比例(0,1%,3%,5%,7%,9%)沼渣添加和黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)生长对废渣养分含量、微生物学特性、重金属赋存形态及黑麦草的生物学特征的综合影响。结果表明:与对照废渣相比,添加沼渣后废渣养分(N、P、K)、有机质、酶活性(碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶)、微生物数量(细菌、真菌和放线菌)以及微生物活性(呼吸强度)均显著(p0.05)增加;不同比例沼渣添加均显著增加黑麦草鲜重、根长、株高并显著降低植物组织(地上和地下部)中重金属含量(p0.05)。沼渣添加和黑麦草生长通过促进废渣中酸溶态重金属(Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb)向残渣态转化进而降低废渣中重金属的生物有效性。典范对应分析表明,沼渣施用量在5%,7%,9%时对废渣微环境条件改善作用较大,其中,较低的沼渣添加量(5%)就能显著改善废渣的微环境条件及促进修复植物健康生长。因此,综合考虑沼渣作为有机改良剂的最佳费用和效应间的关系,在设置试验条件下,可将5%的沼渣添加量作为铅锌冶炼废渣有机改良及植物修复的最佳施用比例。     

Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application no-tillage cover crop cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3~--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.     

矿区复垦对土壤养分和酶活性以及微生物数量的影响

[目的]研究矿区复垦对土壤养分和酶活性以及微生物的影响,并揭示其时空演变规律。[方法]以安徽省庐江钒矿区碳质页岩风化物区域的复垦土壤为对象,采用野外调查和室内分析的方法,对矿区复垦下的土壤养分、酶活性及微生物数量展开调查。[结果]随着复垦年限的增加,土壤电导率、含水量和全盐含量均明显增加,土壤容重、pH值和总孔隙度则明显降低;随着复垦年限的增加,土壤全钾和有效钾含量均降低,有机质、全氮、碱解氮、微生物量碳和微生物量氮增加,而全磷和有效磷并没有明显的变化趋势,其中土壤微生物量的变化幅度最大,对复垦的响应最为敏感;随着复垦年限的增加,矿区土壤蔗糖酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物数量均有所增加,但其增加幅度逐渐减小,细菌数量处于绝对优势地位,占到微生物总数的99.3%以上;随着土层深度的增加,土壤酶活性、微生物数量和土壤养分均呈降低趋势,表现出明显的"表聚性",同层相比,基本呈现出:60a40a20a5a规律,局部有所波动。[结论]矿区复垦能够改善土壤质量和土壤肥力;矿区复垦过程中通过影响土壤微生物活动和代谢进而影响土壤养分及酶活性,同时土壤微生物与养分和酶活性等地下生态指标之间在复垦过程中具有统一性。     

Vegetative Growth,Yield and Leaf Mineral Composition in Strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa DUCH. CV. Pajaro) as Influenced using Nickel Sulfate and Urea Sprays

In this study, interactions of nickel sulfate and urea sprays on vegetative growth, yield and leaf mineral contents in strawberry were investigated. Rooted Pajaro strawberry plants were potted in 3 liter pots filled with soil, leaf mold and sand (1:1:1, v/v/v). Established plants were foliar sprayed with nickel sulfate at 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L^?1 and urea 0 and 2 g L^?1 concentrations. Results indicated that nickel (Ni; 300 mg L^?1) plus urea (2 g L^?1) significantly increased the yield and runner numbers. Nickel sulfate at the rate of 300 and 150 mg L^?1and urea (2 g L^?1) significantly increased the crown numbers. The greatest root fresh and dry weights were obtained from untreated plants. Urea at 2 g L^?1 without nickel significantly increased shoot fresh and dry weights. Nickel at 450 mg L^?1 without urea significantly increased Ni concentration in leaves. Overall, nickel sulfate at 150 and 300 mg L^?1 along with urea at 2 g L^?1 were the best treatments.     

Alternative Potash Fertilizer Source for Millet Crop

Millet is a grass that responds to potassium fertilization and Alfa 01 and Alfa 02 are potential sources of this nutrient. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of as potassium sources by measuring accumulation of this nutrient in millet. The crop was grown in Ustoxic Quartzipsamment (RQo) soil. The experiment was set up in randomized blocks with three repetitions. The treatments consisting of three sources (KCl, Alfa 02, Alfa 01), two rates (200 and 400 kg ha^?1 K₂O) and with no K fertilization (control). Potassium chloride was used as the standard to which the other sources of potassium were compared. Two consecutive crops of millet were grown in the same pots. The first crop received potassium source application but not the second. At the end of experiment, shoot dry matter production, shoot potassium concentration, shoot accumulated potassium, soil potassium and relative agronomic efficiency were determined. The relative agronomic efficiency, calculated from crops, was 100% for KCl, was 84% for Alfa 02 and was 11% for Alfa 01. In the shoot dry matter production and accumulated potassium only Alfa 01 was not statistically different of control. Millet absorbed potassium from the Alfa 02 source in both the first and second crops.     

Differences Among Rice Cultivars in their Adaptation to Low Ionic Strength Solution with Toxic Level of Aluminum that Mimics Tropical Acid Soil Conditions

Nutrient deficiencies are often an additional growth-limiting factor in tropical acid soils. Considering the potential interactions between Al stress and low-nutrient stress, differences among rice cultivars for Al tolerance, low-nutrient tolerance, and combined stress tolerance were investigated. The main objective of this study was to identify the predominant growth-limiting factor in tropical acid soils. Tolerance to low nutrient stress and combined stress did not show any relationship with aluminum (Al) tolerance indicating that these stress factors act independently. Al-tolerant cv. Rikuu-132 was tolerant to combined stress. Conversely, highly Al-sensitive cv. BR34 was most tolerant to combined and low nutrient stress. Combined stress tolerance of shoot was positively correlated with calcium (Ca) content of shoot. The results indicate that Al tolerance alone is not adequate for superior performance on most acid soils. Tolerance to combined stress factors would be needed to improve productivity of rice on low fertility acid soils.