纳米-亚微米级复合材料对褐潮土有机无机复合体含量及各粒级复合体中C、N、P含量与分布的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了纳米-亚微米级复合材料对褐潮土各粒级复合体组成及其中C、N、P含量与分配的影响。结果表明,1)施入纳米-亚微米级复合材料后,褐潮土各粒级复合体的含量较对照发生了改变,F1(2m)和F3(10～50m)粒级含量降低,F2(2～10m)和F4(50～100m)粒级含量增加。2)纳米-亚微米级复合材料可提高土壤及各粒级中C、N、P的含量,而增加幅度因材料而异;蒙脱土纳米-亚微米级复合物高岭土纳米-亚微米级复合物塑料纳米-亚微米级复合物。3)F3(10～50m)粒级中有机碳、全氮、全磷含量较低,但该粒级复合体含量占土壤固相的比重最大,因此该粒径中C、N、P对土壤肥力的贡献较大。4)纳米-亚微米级复合材料使土壤的有机碳、氮、磷在各粒级复合体中分配系数的增加以F2(2～10m)粒级最高,说明各养分进入F2粒级最多,表明该粒级对土壤养分的转化和平衡起着重要的调节作用。     

Fruit Quality at Harvest of “Jonathan” Apple Treated with Foliarly-Applied Calcium Chloride

Abstract

The response of “Jonathan” apple trees (Malus domestica, Borkh.) grafted on EMLA 111 to frequent application of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was studied at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, Kansas, orchards in 2002. Trees were sprayed one to eight times with foliar applications of calcium chloride at the rate of 8.971 kg ha^?1. First spray was made when fruits were 1.4, 0.9, and 1.6 cm diameter at Topeka, Emporia, and Conway Springs, respectively. More than six applications of CaCl₂ improved fruit quality at harvest. Improvement included an increase in fruit weight, size, appearance, skin redness, and reduction of scald incidents. Although CaCl₂ applications had no effect on percent of soluble solids, the ratio of soluble solid content to titratable acidity was increased by frequent CaCl₂ application. Fruit skin redness was the most improved quality of “Jonathan” apple as the result of CaCl₂ applications. No symptoms of fruit russetting or leaf scalding resulting from frequent CaCl₂ application were observed. Increase in fruit quality was attributed to a linear increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues. Increase in Ca concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of treated trees coincided with increases in potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) concentrations compared with untreated control trees. Potassium, Mg, P, and N were correlated with fruit quality as much as, or in some cases more than, Ca. This information suggests that changes in mineral balance with CaCl₂ applications contributed to improvement of fruit quality and is evidence that frequent Ca application improved “Jonathan” apple quality in Kansas.     

Root phosphatase activity of sorghum genotypes grown with organic and inorganic sources of phosphorus 1

Abstract

Relatively insoluble sources of phosphorus (P) may require solubilization, and organic P (P_o) may require hydrolysis to inorganic P (P_i) before P can be readily absorbed by plants roots. The mechanisms for these processes, however, are unknown. Root phosphatase (Pase) activity was measured to assess its relationships to P uptake by seven sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes grown with P_o (ethylammonium phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phenylphosphate) and P_i (KH₂PO₄, calcium tribasic phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, aluminum phosphate, and ferric phosphate) in nutrient solutions in a greenhouse.

Plants grown with P_o had lower root Pase activities than plants grown with P_i NB9040 and SC369–3–1JB (tolerant to low levels of P) had lower root Pase activities than CK60‐Korgi and SC33–9–8‐E4 (sensitive to low levels of P), with the other genotypes having intermediate root Pase activities. Higher root Pase activity was associated with lower root P concentrations, but Pase activity was not related to dry matter yield of roots. In experiments where genotypes were grown three weeks with KH₂PO₄ before being transferred to other sources of P, within four days root Pase activity patterns were similar to those for plants grown initially in the particular P_o or P_i compound. Root Pase activity of sorghum plants appeared to be an indicator of P status or P deficiency stress in the plants, and not associated with making P_o or P_i compounds more available for plant use.     

Tree biomass,resource use and crop productivity in agri-horti-silvicultural systems in the dry region of Rajasthan,India

A combination of silvicultural species [Prosopis cineraria (L.), Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. and Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.)] were planted with horticultural species [Ziziphus mauritiana (L.), Cordia myxa (Forster), and Emblica officinalis (Gaertn)] and intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum). Z. mauritiana +P. cineraria combination produced greater fruit, fodder and fuel wood and was less competitive to wheat crop. Crop yield reduced by 5% to 23% in the agroforestry systems than the yield in sole crop plot. Lowest yield was in C. mopane + C. myxa combination. Fodder yield was 0.53, 0.20 and 0.07 t ha^?1 from C. mopane (cursive), P. cineraria and A. excelsa, respectively, whereas utilizable biomass was 2.63 t ha^?1 from C. myxa (cursive) + P. cineraria, 2.21 t ha^?1 from C. myxa (cursive) + C. mopane and 2.18 t ha^?1 from Z. mauritiana + P. cineraria combinations. Soil organic carbon and NH₄–N increased (by 7% and 8%, respectively), whereas NO₃–N and PO₄–P decreased in agroforestry compared to the sole tree plots. Primary root attributes of P. cineraria, A. excelsa and C. mopane were higher in agroforestry and mostly concentrated in the top 0–25 cm of the soil layer. Z. mauritiana + P. cineraria were the best combination with minimum yield reduction and were found to be beneficial in enhancing soil fertility.     

菌渣还田对土壤有效养分动态变化的影响

研究成都平原稻麦轮作模式下,不同菌渣还田处理对土壤有效养分动态变化的影响,旨在探索适宜于成都平原的菌渣还田方式,为种植业废弃物的农业资源化利用提供科学依据。在为期1年的田间定位试验中,设置常规化肥处理(CK)和4个菌渣还田处理:等氮量还田(T1)、1.5倍氮量还田(T2)、2倍氮量还田(T3)和2.5倍氮量还田(T4),并按生育期测定不同处理下土壤速效养分含量。结果表明:与常规施肥相比,除小麦季的土壤有效磷外,中、高量菌渣还田处理(T2、T3和T4)均能有效提高土壤速效养分含量,作物成熟期菌渣还田处理的土壤碱解氮、速效钾和水稻季有效磷含量分别比化肥处理高出3.55%~20.24%、2.84%~31.97%和2.10%~14.48%;低量菌渣还田处理(T1)无法在作物各生育期内提供与化肥等量的碱解氮,存在供氮不足的风险。     

县级测土配方施肥指标体系建立研究—以江苏省江都市水稻为例

以江苏省江都市水稻为例,基于地力差减法预测氮肥用量、 养分丰缺指标法预测磷钾肥用量,构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系,研究分析20052011年测土配方施肥田间试验示范。结果表明,当种植水稻预测目标产量为6825~9270 kg/hm2（平均为8145 kg/hm2）,氮肥推荐用量为146.42~57.4 kg/hm2（平均为207.5~ kg/hm2）。磷钾肥施用标准: 当有效磷含量高于21 mg/kg,不推荐施用磷肥;当有效磷含量在17~21 mg/kg时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为40.5 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量在10~17 mg/kg时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为 48 kg/hm2;当有效磷含量低于10 mg/kg 时,推荐施磷（P2O5）量为64.5 kg/hm2。当速效钾含量高于140 mg/kg,不推荐施用钾肥;当速效钾含量在115~140 mg/kg时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为 22.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量在60~115 mg/kg时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为40.5 kg/hm2;当速效钾含量低于60 mg/kg 时,推荐施钾（K2O）量为 82.5 kg/hm2。同时对施肥指标体系建立进行校验分析,结果表明基于试验建立施肥指标体系是可行的,从而为构建县域测土配方施肥指标体系提供了方法,达到因土施肥的目的。     

低分子量有机配体对黏粒矿物吸附苏云金芽孢杆菌的影响

土壤是微生物的理想栖息地,土壤微生物群落组成复杂,数量巨大。1g土壤中可能栖息着上百亿个微生物,其中细菌可达1010个[1]。约80%～90%的土壤微生物寄居于土壤固相表面,如黏土矿物、金属氧化物或有机质表面[2]。细菌与矿物间的相互作用在土壤污染物转化与降解、团聚体形成[3]、矿物风化[4-6]及病原菌运移[7-8]等诸多过程起着关键作用。     

Soil amendments and seed priming influence nutrients uptake,soil properties,yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in alkali soils

The effects of soil amendments [i.e., control, gypsum, farmyard manure (FYM), and gypsum?+?FYM] and seed priming (i.e., unprimed, seed soaked in water for 10?hr prior to sowing, and seed soaked in 0.4% gypsum solution for 10?hr prior to sowing) were assessed on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop in alkali soil in northwestern Pakistan. A split plot design was used, keeping priming methods in main plots and soil amendments in sub-plots. The results showed that the effects of soil amendments and seed priming on grain yield, straw yield, harvest index and number of spikes were significant but their interactive effect was non-significant. The highest crop yields and yield index were obtained with gypsum?+?FYM amendments, and seed priming with gypsum solution. The effect on seed emergence, plant height and number of grains per spike was, however, not significant. Grain yield increased by 104% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment over control and by 16.8% with seed primed in water, followed by 8.5% with priming in gypsum solution, as compared to non-priming. The weight of 1000 grains was significantly increased by 35% in gypsum?+?FYM treatment and by 15.8% in gypsum priming. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) content increased with soil amendments. Soil pH and gypsum requirement reduced significantly with soil amendments. The blend of gypsum and FYM has improved the properties of salt-affected soil and enhanced fertility for optimum production of wheat in addition to the beneficial effect of seed priming in gypsum solution on crop yield. Using these amendments could be ameliorative in removing the adverse effect of the salt-affected soils, rendering the soil a good medium for plant growth.     

滇中富磷区与贫磷区云南松群落差异与土壤磷素研究

以同在滇中地区磷素差异较大的富磷区与贫磷区的云南松林群落及其土壤为研究对象,采用Sui修正后的Hedley磷素分级,研究了土壤磷素的有效磷特征和土壤其他养分因子,分析了2类云南松群落的结构及其差异。结果表明,富磷区土壤全磷含量显著高于贫磷区,虽然两地活性磷（H₂O—P_i、NaHCO₃—P_i和NaHCO₃—P_o）含量都低于10%,但富磷区活性磷含量显著高于贫磷区,贫磷区有机磷含量高于无机磷含量,富磷区却相反;富磷区其他土壤养分如全氮、有机碳含量也显著高于贫磷区。富磷区云南松群落林木密度、Shannon-wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数均高于贫磷区云南松群落,而平均株高、平均胸径、冠幅低于贫磷区云南松群落。讨论认为,在贫磷区云南松与富磷区云南松群落的生长发育与营养策略有关,在磷素匮乏的地区,植物群落为了维持正常生长而进行紧密磷素循环,植物和微生物主要利用的磷素来自有机磷的矿化与溶解,并最大限度地减少生物地球化学循环的磷损失;但在磷素极其充沛的地区植物和微生物群落更加倾向将磷素从土壤矿石转移到生物地球化学磷循环中,对于当地植物和微生物来说,紧密的磷素回收就显得无关紧要。两地云南松群落结构的显著差异与地表磷素含量关系密切,富磷区因土壤磷含量丰富,并且引起其他营养资源丰富,从而能够维持更多种类的植物,同时相应地降低云南松在群落的生态优势;相应地贫磷区磷素成为限制因素,并且其他营养资源也相对短缺,从而不能支持更高水平的植物多样性,云南松因具有较强竞争力而生态优势更高。     

秸秆促腐还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响

通过2年的小麦-玉米轮作田间定位试验,设置5个处理：不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（F）、化肥 秸秆（FS）、化肥 秸秆 腐秆剂（FSD）、磷钾肥减施20%（按P2O5和K2O计,与F比较） 秸秆 腐秆剂（F4/5SD）,通过分析作物收获后土壤耕层养分、活性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量,计算土壤不同形态碳素有效率和碳库管理指数等,探讨秸秆促腐还田对沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分和活性有机碳的影响。结果表明：1）与单施化肥处理相比,常规秸秆还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了13.0%、4.6%和10.7%,土壤活性有机碳有效率增加12.0%和11.1%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了30.6%;2）秸秆促腐还田处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别增加了17.4%、40.5%和12.4%,土壤活性有机碳、活性有机碳有效率和可溶性有机碳分别增加了12.0%、9.5%和51.3%,土壤碳库管理指数提高了102.3%;3）土壤碳库管理指数与土壤养分含量、土壤碳素有效率等的相关性较土壤总有机碳含量有显著提高。可见,秸秆促腐还田较常规秸秆还田更利于提高沿淮砂姜黑土土壤养分含量、有机碳中活性组分含量及其有效率和土壤碳库管理指数;即使减施磷、钾肥20%,该措施的增肥和培土效果也不会明显下降。