Relationships between soil and foliar nutrients in young densely planted mini-plots of Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica

The long-term nature of forest crop rotations makes it difficult to determine impacts of forestry on soil nutrients that might be depleted by forest growth. We used small scale, highly stocked plots to compress the length of the rotation and rapidly induce nutrient depletion. In the study, two species (Pinus radiata D. Don and Cupressus lusitanica Miller) are compared under two disturbance regimes (soil undisturbed and compacted), and two fertiliser treatments (nil and plus fertiliser), applied in factorial combination at 33 sites, covering the range of climatic and edaphic variation found in plantation forests across New Zealand. To assess our ability to rapidly highlight important soil properties, foliar nutrient concentrations were determined 20 months after planting. It was hypothesised that the densely planted plots, even at a young age, would create sufficient pressure on nutrient resources to allow development of relationships between properties used as indicies of soil nutrient availability and foliar nutrient concentrations. For both species significant relationships between foliar nutrients and 0–10 cm layer soil properties from unfertilised plots were evident for N (total and mineralisable N) and P (total, acid extractable, organic, Bray-2 and Olsen P). With the exception of Ca in C. lusitanica, foliar K, Ca and Mg were correlated with their respective soil exchangeable cation measures. The results thus confirm the utility of the experimental approach and the relevance of the measured soil properties for forest productivity.

In unfertilised plots foliar N and P concentrations in P. radiata exceeded those in C. lusitanica, the differences being eliminated by fertiliser application. Foliar N/P ratios in P. radiata also exceeded those in C. lusitanica. In contrast to N and P, foliar K, Ca and Mg concentrations were all higher in C. lusitanica, the difference being particularly marked for Ca and Mg. P. radiata contained substantially higher concentrations of the metals Zn, Mn and Al than C. lusitanica, whereas the latter contained higher B concentrations. Possible reasons for differences between species in foliar nutrient concentrations are discussed.     

Effects of N, NP, and NPKS fertilizers applied to four-year old hybrid poplar plantations

Mineral fertilizers were applied to adjacent plantations of 2, 4-year old, hybrid poplars: clone 27 (Northwest, P. deltoides × P. balsamifera) and 794 (Brooks, P. deltoides × P. × petrowskyana), in north eastern Alberta. Fertilization was done in May 2003 to see whether growth rates could be increased and rotations shortened. Three fertilizers (N, NP and NPKS + Cu + Zn) were applied at each of three rates (supplying N at 0, 100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) in a factorial randomized block design to the two separate plantations. Fertilization with 200 kg ha⁻¹ N and 100 kg ha⁻¹ P increased volume growth of clone 27 by 1 m³ ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 2 years. Clone 794 showed no volume response to fertilization, but produced 8.7 m³ ha⁻¹ more than clone 27. Leaf area, dry mass and nutrient concentrations of both clones increased in the first year after fertilization, showing that fertilizer uptake occurred. Decrease in leaf size between 2003 and 2004 was affected by fertilizer level in clone 794. There were differences between some nutrient concentrations in the soils occupied by the two clones, and clone 794 had higher leaf concentrations of N, K, Ca, S, Mn, Zn, B and Mo than clone 27. Fertilization of 4-year old plantations of either clone was unwarranted, and planting clone 794 would be likely to provide greater yield than planting and fertilizing clone 27.     

Comparative productivity of Prosopis cineraria and Tecomella undulata based agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert

Tree-crop interactions were monitored by measuring tree growth characters of Prosopis cineraria L. and Tecomella undulata L. and yields of Vigna radiata (L) in agroforestry systems in degraded lands of Indian Desert. Potential competition for resource between the trees and associated crop was analyzed by measuring soil water contents, soil organic matters and NH₄-N at different depths of soil layers i.e., 0–25 cm, 25–50 cm and 50–75 cm in the experimental plots. The plots size were 16 m × 18 m (D₁), 20 m × 18 m (D₂) and 32 m × 18 m (D₃) with tree densities of 208, 138 and 104 trees·ha⁻¹ after June 2002, respectively. Results showed that tree height increased by 3% to 7% during June 2002 to June 2004. Collar diameter increased by 30% and 11% in D₁, 23% and 19% in D₂ and 18% and 36% in D₃ plots, respectively, in P. cineraria and T. undulata in two years period. The increase in crown diameter was 9% to 18% in P. cineraria and 11% to 16% in T. undulata. Tree growth was relatively greater in 2002 than in 2003. Yield of V. radiata increased linearly from D₁ to D₃ plots. Lowest soil water content at 1 m distance from tree base indicated greater utilization of soil water within the tree rooting zone. Concentrations of soil organic matters and NH₄-N were the highest (p<0.05) in 0–25 cm soil layer. P. cineraria was more beneficial than T. undulata in improving soil conditions and increasing crop yield by 11.1% and thus more suitable for its integration in agricultural land. The yield of agricultural crop increased when density of tree species was appropriate (i.e., optimum tree density), though it varied with tree size and depended upon resource availability. The result indicated bio-economic benefits of optimum density of P. cineraria and T. undulata over traditional practices of maintaining random trees in farming system in arid zones. Biography: G. Singh (1961– ), male, Scientist E and Head, Division of Forest Ecology, Arid Forest Research Institute, New Pali Road, Jodhpur-342005, India.     

Exotic Pinus carbaea causes soil quality to deteriorate on former abandoned land compared to an indigenous Podocarpus plantation in the tropical forest area of southern China

Soil properties under an exotic plantation (Pinus caribaea) and an indigenous plantation (Podocarpus imbricatus) were compared with adjacent secondary forests and abandoned land in the tropical forest areas of Jianfengling National Nature Reserve in Hainan province, southern China. The surface soil (0–0.2 m) under Pi. caribaea has higher bulk density, lower soil organic carbon, total N, total K, available N, microbial biomass carbon, and smaller soil microbial communities (as indicated by soil Biolog profiles) than under Po. imbricatus. Both land use types showed negative cumulative soil deterioration index (DI) compared to secondary forests. However, compared to abandoned land (DI = –262), the soil quality of Po. imbricatus showed improvement (DI = –194) while that of Pi. caribaea showed deterioration (DI = –358). These results demonstrated that these exotic pine plantations can significantly and negatively influence soil properties. By contrast, our results showed that adoption of indigenous species in plantations, or natural regeneration, can improve soil quality.     

Increased utilization of different tree parts for energy purposes in the Nordic countries

The review gives an overview of the increased utilization of forest biomass for energy. The emphasis is on Nordic countries, especially on Sweden and Finland with large biomass potentials and a high share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. The utilization and potential of forest chip sources such as logging residues, small-size tree stems and stumps that are normally not harvested in conventional harvesting are described. Environmental potential and impacts that may reduce the utilization of forest biomass are discussed based on recent publications. Finally, the review summarizes the future developments based on their relationship to policies, certifications and guidelines and forest owners' decisions.     

新疆生产建设兵团耕地土壤养分现状及演变规律

为了调查掌握新疆生产建设兵团耕地土壤养分变化特征,探索提高耕地质量的方法和机制.运用土壤养分分级标准和数理统计方法对2005-2011年国家测土配方施肥财政专项补贴项目土壤理化数据进行统计分析.结果表明,新疆生产建设兵团13个农业师22个主要耕作土壤类型耕层土壤肥力水平表现为有机质3级、全氮2级、碱解氮3级、有效磷4级、速效钾3级、pH值中偏碱性.与第二次土壤普查数据比较,有机质、全氮、速效钾呈下降趋势,其中有机质下降幅度较小,速效钾下降幅度较大(31.66％);碱解氮、有效磷呈上升趋势,其中有效磷提高幅度较大(172.25％);pH值变化不大.根据兵团耕地土壤养分现状与演变特点,在今后农业生产中建议采取“调控氮素、稳定磷素、补充钾素”的施肥策略,同时全面实施秸秆还田和增施有机肥等培肥措施、科学有效地推进测土配方施肥技术,以达到土壤养分平衡发展,保证农业生产持续优质、高产、高效发展.     

内蒙古河套灌区春玉米推荐施肥指标体系研究

【目的】建立河套灌区春玉米施肥指标体系,指导科学施肥。【方法】2006—2008年在河套灌区分高、中、低肥力水平设置春玉米“3414”肥料肥效试验236个。【结果】通过对数据进行整理分析表明：河套灌区春玉米N、P2O5、K2O的农学效率平均分别为10.6 kg•kg-1、9.9 kg•kg-1、6.7 kg•kg-1,肥料增产作用依次为：氮肥＞磷肥＞钾肥,随着土壤肥力水平的降低,施肥增产率升高,但单位养分增产量下降。河套灌区春玉米的土壤养分丰缺指标为：全氮,极低（＜0.42 g•kg-1）、低（0.42—0.67 g•kg-1）、中（0.67—1.08 g•kg-1）、高（1.08—1.72 g•kg-1）、极高（＞1.72 g•kg-1）;有效磷,极低（＜3.6 mg•kg-1）、低（3.6—7.6 mg•kg-1）、中（7.6—16.0 mg•kg-1）、高（16.0—33.7 mg•kg-1）、极高（＞33.7 mg•kg-1）;速效钾,极低（＜70 mg•kg-1）、低（70—103 mg•kg-1）、中（103-151 mg•kg-1）、高（151—222 mg•kg-1）、极高（＞222 mg•kg-1）。河套灌区春玉米施肥模型为：F(N)=-78.13×lnS(N)+155.85,F(P2O5)= -54.621×lnS(P)+250.2,F(K2O) =-42.4071×lnS(K)+272.91。【结论】农学效率、施肥肥效、养分丰缺指标、施肥模型均为推荐施肥的重要依据。     

卷荚相思人工林营养元素的生物地球化学循环特征

采用标准样地法对广西南宁市8年生卷荚相思Acacia cincinnata人工林的N、P、K、Ca和Mg 5种营养元素的含量、积累量、分布与生物地球化学循环进行了研究.结果表明:(1)卷荚相思不同器官营养元素含量以树叶为最高,干材最低,各器官中营养元素含量以N最高,其次是K和Ca,Mg和P最低.(2)卷荚相思人工林营养元素积累量为823.80 kg/hm2,其中乔木层、灌木层、草本层和凋落物层分别占64.86%、20.59%、5.20%和9.35%;(3)卷荚相思人工林营养元素年吸收量、归还量、存留量分别为151.30、84.48和66.82 kg.hm-2.年-1,年归还量占年吸收量的55.84%;(4)卷荚相思人工林营养元素循环系数为0.56,循环速率依次为Mg>Ca>N>K>P.     

槟榔间作香草兰种植园土壤养分变化趋势研究

对海南万宁、琼海、定安和屯昌4个主要槟榔间作香草兰种植区0～20 cm土层的60个土壤样品进行分析。结果表明,pH值呈酸化的趋势,低于临界值;有机质含量适中,呈上升的趋势;碱解N含量适中,呈下降的趋势;速效P和速效K含量呈下降的趋势,且低于临界值;交换性Ca含量呈上升趋势,但低于临界值;交换性Mg含量低于临界值,呈下降趋势;有效B含量高于临界值,呈上升趋势;有效Fe、有效Mn、有效Cu和有效Zn含量均高于临界值,呈下降趋势,其中有效Mn含量超标。     

人工饲养贵州疣螈营养成分的研究

[目的]对人工饲养的贵州疣螈营养成分进行分析,为丰富贵州疣螈的研究内容及对其合理开发利用和保护提供理论依据。[方法]随机选择20尾身体健壮、平均体重为（16.50±4.35）g的贵州疣螈作试材,对其鲜品和干品中营养成分进行测定与分析。[结果]贵州疣螈鲜品中水的含量为75.74%,干样品中粗蛋白为42.60%,粗脂肪为9.40%,总糖为3.48%。氨基酸含量为348.37g/kg,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总含量的50.39%,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的64.01%。脂肪酸中,油酸和亚油酸含量丰富,含有2.74%的神经酸,对推迟人体衰老至关重要。贵州疣螈还含有丰富的钙、铁、锌、硒、铜、镁、锰等无机元素。[结论]贵州疣螈氨基酸和脂肪酸含量比例合理,无机元素含量丰富,具有很好的利用价值。