滨海盐渍土改良剂的筛选及应用效果研究

针对天津滨海盐渍土结构性差、土壤养分匮乏、脱盐碱化现象严重等问题,进行了改良剂改良滨海盐渍土的试验研究。盆栽试验通过综合分析土壤含盐量、土壤养分含量、黑麦草长势情况,筛选出效果最佳改良剂配方。野外应用效果试验进一步表明,施用改良剂能抑制土壤脱盐碱化,提高土壤养分含量、明显改善土壤结构和肥力状况。土壤水解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量分别提高了123.8%、171.0%、22.0%、37.5%,土壤容重降低了15.54%,土壤总孔隙度增加了19.66%,土壤渗透性提高了127.78%,土壤微结构由面状孔隙转变为复杂堆积型孔隙。改良剂的施用非常利于土壤水肥气热状况的调节,是天津滨海盐渍土适宜的盐碱改良剂。     

油茶林地土壤养分特征与种仁品质性状的关系

为探明油茶林地土壤养分特征与种仁品质性状关系,以浙江省不同油茶栽培区7个试验点的‘长林’系列良种林分为对象,分析了林地土壤养分特征以及种仁含油率、脂肪酸组分和角鲨烯、维生素E、谷甾醇等活性成分含量。结果表明,浙江省不同油茶栽培区林地土壤养分特征差异较大,土壤有机质、水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的变异系数在32.66%~142.26%之间,土壤有机质和水解性氮含量间、有效磷和速效钾含量间分别呈显著正相关关系(P<0.01),有机肥和磷钾肥平衡应用是提升油茶林地土壤营养供给能力的重要措施。此外,土壤氮磷比与油茶种仁含油率、单不饱和脂肪酸含量呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05),与多不饱和脂肪酸、角鲨烯含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),土壤氮磷比是影响品质性状形成的重要因子,比值在7.60~26.92之间,有利于促进油茶产量和品质的提升。本研究可为油茶林地土壤高效营养管理提供参考。     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

Effects of different soil conservation tillage approaches on soil nutrients,water use and wheat-maize yield in rainfed dry-land regions of North China

Excessive tillage compromises soil quality by causing severe water shortages that can lead to crop failure. Reports on the effects of conservation tillage on major soil nutrients, water use efficiency and gain yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in rainfed regions in the North China Plain are relatively scarce. In this work, four tillage approaches were tested from 2004 to 2012 in a randomized study performed in triplicate: one conventional tillage and three conservation tillage experiments with straw mulching (no tillage during wheat and maize seasons, subsoiling during the maize season but no tillage during the wheat season, and ridge planting during both wheat and maize seasons). Compared with conventional tillage, by 2012, eight years of conservation tillage treatments (no tillage, subsoiling and ridge planting) resulted in a significant increase in available phosphorus in topsoil (0–0.20 m), by 3.8%, 37.8% and 36.9%, respectively. Soil available potassium was also increased following conservation tillage, by 13.6%, 37.5% and 25.0%, and soil organic matter by 0.17%, 5.65% and 4.77%, while soil total nitrogen was altered by −2.33%, 4.21% and 1.74%, respectively. Meanwhile, all three conservation tillage approaches increased water use efficiency, by 19.1–28.4% (average 24.6%), 10.1–23.8% (average 15.9%) and 11.2–20.7% (average 15.7%) in wheat, maize and annual, respectively. Additionally, wheat yield was increased by 7.9–12.0% (average 10.3%), maize yield by 13.4–24.6% (average 17.4%) and rotation annual yield by 12.3–16.9% (average 14.1%). Overall, our findings demonstrate that subsoiling and ridge planting with straw mulching performed better than conventional tillage for enhancing major soil nutrients and improving grain yield and water use efficiency in rainfed regions in the North China Plain.     

秸秆生物炭对黄土区农田土壤养分和作物生长的影响

旨在探索生物炭对黄土区农田的具体应用效果。采用大田试验,在不施氮肥和施氮肥(187.5 kg/hm2)处理下,分别设计了不同生物炭用量(0、6、12、24、48 t/hm2)试验,来观察对黄土高原农田土壤养分和玉米生长的影响。结果发现：当施入187.5 kg/hm2氮肥时,24~48 t/hm2范围内的生物炭施用量对土壤养分促进作用效果最佳,其中48 t/hm2时全氮超出对照26.6%,碱解氮可超过对照约27.67%;6~12 t/hm2的范围时,玉米茎粗、叶绿素在生长中期均相对处于优势,且玉米养分含量和产量结果优于生物炭量大的处理。不施氮的情况下,生物炭也可促进土壤和玉米籽粒养分的积累。其中6~12 t/hm2时,土壤和玉米籽粒养分含量相对较高;24~48 t/hm2时玉米产量结果最佳,比对照高1468.2 kg/hm2,约13.39%。结果表明,生物炭的添加对土壤的养分影响较大,且一定程度上依赖于氮肥的投入情况。     

优化施肥对滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应特性的影响

通过2年大田试验,研究优化施肥对东营滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应能力的影响。设不施肥、农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥4个处理。结果表明:与农民传统施肥对比,优化施肥及优化施肥+有机肥处理有效提高了棉花产量、肥料农学利用率、偏生产力;施肥改变了土壤盐基离子组成,农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥处理Na+及Cl-所占比分别减少2.29%,3.45%,6.15%,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO_2-4有不同程度的提高;优化施肥+有机肥处理能明显提高土壤微生物和酶活性,其中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性分别比传统施肥和优化施肥高7.8%~17.0%和5.0%~13.3%;施肥提高了土壤速效养分,优化施肥+有机肥处理速效P和速效K含量总体处于较高水平,而N0-3-N、NH+4-N含量总体表现为传统施肥优化施肥+有机肥优化施肥不施肥,这说明优化施肥能有效降低土壤NO-3-N、NH+4-N含量,进而NO-3-N、NH+4-N的流失风险也随之减小。采用N、K肥基施+蕾期花期2次追施的优化施肥处理,不仅减少了肥料用量,而且提高了产量,配合施用有机肥增产效果更为显著。     

绿洲膜下滴灌调亏对马铃薯土壤环境及产量的影响

为测定膜下滴灌调亏马铃薯全生育期内不同调亏水平土壤养分、土壤水热动态、生长动态、产量效应和水分利用效率,于2016年在河西荒漠绿洲灌区民乐县益民灌溉试验站开展了马铃薯不同生育阶段水分调亏灌溉的试验研究,结果表明,马铃薯膜下滴灌调亏土壤水热变化均匀且利用率高,有利于马铃薯对土壤养分的充分吸收和利用;土壤养分是土壤肥力的核心,是植物在生长发育过程中不可或缺的重要因素,膜下滴灌调亏栽培能有效减少土壤速效养分的流失,并提高马铃薯对土壤速效养分的利用效率;不同生育阶段马铃薯耗水量受水分调亏程度影响较大,其耗水量随调亏程度增大而显著减少(P0.05),水分调亏处理马铃薯全生育期总耗水量均低于全生育期充分灌水CK处理。块茎形成期轻度水分亏缺马铃薯水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率、生物量均达到最大,较全生育期充分灌水显著提高29.04%,35.61%。因此,块茎形成期轻度水分亏缺灌溉方式能使马铃薯根区土壤始终保持湿润状态,有效减少渗漏损失和植株间无效蒸发损失,改善土壤水、肥和热量状况,有利于提高作物水分利用效率,且不显著降低马铃薯最终产量。     

春小麦调亏灌溉对土壤氮磷钾的影响

对河西绿洲灌区春小麦调亏灌溉2年后的土壤碱解氮和全氮、速效磷和全磷、速效钾和全钾进行了研究,并对土壤养分年际间的差异进行了分析,旨在为该区春小麦调亏灌溉对土壤氮磷钾养分的影响研究提供一些可靠的信息。     

Mineral content of three olive cultivars irrigated with treated industrial wastewater

The reuse of saline treated industrial wastewater generated by textile firms mixed with municipal domestic effluent for irrigation was used to asses its effect on the mineral content of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions during two complete vegetative cycles. Chemical analysis of the treated wastewater indicated that the element concentrations fall within the permissible range of irrigation water used for plants. However, little impermissible accumulation of Na and Mg higher than the recommended maximum concentration was observed. Irrigation water with six electrical conductivities (EC = 0.78, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m⁻¹ in treatments T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, T₅, respectively) were compared in the greenhouse experiment. The olive trees in the field experiment were trickle irrigated with potable water and treated wastewater (average EC = 4.2 dS m⁻¹). The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that leaf N, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Na contents increased with increasing salinity of the treated wastewater. This increase was accompanied with a decrease in K and Mg contents. Leaf Ca and Cl concentrations were not considerably affected. Ion analysis in roots indicated that the contents of P, Na, Cl, Mn, and Pb increased while K decreased as treated wastewater salinity increased. Consequently, in most cases T₄ and T₅ gave a highly significant increase or decrease in accumulation of the previously mentioned minerals. A considerable variation in the studied cultivars was noticed. ‘Nabali’ was considered the most tolerant cultivar for the high salinity levels of the treated wastewater; its transporting selectivity of Na from root to leaf was higher and more Na was retained in the roots. Tissue analysis of leaves indicated that the element concentrations were within the adequate levels except those of Fe in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’, Na in ‘Improved Nabali’ and Cu in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’. In view of these findings, the negligible accumulation of minerals in leaves and roots indicated that this kind of textile effluent can be used as a valid alternative for irrigation of olive orchards with continuous monitoring of mineral levels.     

Ameliorative effects of inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. DW1 on growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings under salt stress

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculation with the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas sp. DW1 on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) growth, mineral uptake and activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) of plant leaves under salinity stress. The study was conducted in pot experiments using eggplant (S. melongena L., cv. Yinjia) and a coastal soil. The NaCl concentration of the coastal soil was 0.57 g (kg soil)⁻¹. Four NaCl levels were tested: 0.57, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g NaCl (kg soil)⁻¹, by adding NaCl to soil, respectively. Pseudomonas-inoculated seeds had an increase in the germination percentage over its non-inoculated seeds under salinity. Salinity negatively affected growth of eggplant; however, plants inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. DW1 grew to a significantly greater extent than plants that were not treated with this bacterium. Salinity significantly decreased K⁺ concentration, increased Na⁺ concentration, and did not significantly decrease Ca²⁺ content in shoots of eggplants. Inoculating with Pseudomonas sp. DW1 increased shoot Ca²⁺ of eggplant compared to the non-inoculating eggplant plants under salinity. Inoculating treatments with Pseudomonas sp. DW1 had no effect on shoot Na⁺ concentration in 0.57 and 1 g (kg soil)⁻¹ NaCl, but there were significant decreases in inoculated treatments than in non-inoculated ones at 2 and 3 g (kg soil)⁻¹ NaCl. Salinity decreased SOD activities and increased POD activities, and inoculated Pseudomonas sp. DW1 had an increase effect on SOD activity in the leaves of eggplants. Alteration of mineral uptake and increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities may be two mechanisms for the alleviation of salt stress. Based on the results of the experiment reported herein, the use of the plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium treatment may provide a means of facilitating plant growth under salt stress.