The association of hoof lesions at claw trimming with test-day milk yield in Danish Holsteins

In a cross-sectional study, performed between October 2002 and April 2003 on 55 Danish dairy herds with 6161 predominantly Holstein Friesian cows the prevalence of 9 hoof lesions was determined.

All test-day yields (TDY) of kg energy corrected milk (ECM) in the lactation of diagnosis were recorded. For the purpose of including hoof lesions in a decision support model an attempt was made to aggregate the lesions into digital dermatitis (DD), other interdigital diseases (OID, infectious diseases other than DD) and hoof horn diseases (HHD, related to metabolic disorders and trauma). A division was made based on the stage of lactation in which the lesions were diagnosed; during the first 100 days in milk, between days 101 and 200 and between days 201 and 305. Associations between the presence of hoof lesions at trimming and milk production were analyzed by linear mixed modeling at the cow level, clustered within herd. The data of primiparous cows was analyzed separately from the multiparous cows.

Based on the associations between TDY and the individual lesions aggregated into HHD, this aggregation as initially planned could not be justified and was therefore not maintained. For OID the value of early diagnosis was apparent; an early diagnosis and early treatment (<101 DIM) was associated with either a positive value or a value less negative compared to a diagnosis and treatment in late lactation (201–305 DIM). This pattern was not as clearly present for the other lesions.     

南方塑料连栋大棚一年两收葡萄套种菜心及莴笋的栽培技术

在南方利用塑料大棚进行一年两收葡萄栽培不仅可以提早上市,也更利于休闲观光采摘。为了提高土地的利用,增加土地单位面积的产出,开展一年两收葡萄套种蔬菜的栽培技术研究,详细介绍了南方塑料连栋大棚一年两收夏黑葡萄夏季套种菜心、冬季套种莴笋的栽培技术,包括连栋大棚的设计、品种的选择、修剪、肥水管理、病虫害防治等田间管理技术,促农增收。     

Milk vetch dwarf virus infection in the Solanaceae and Caricaceae families in Southeast Asia

Milk vetch dwarf virus (MDV) is an important member of the genus Nanovirus and is transmitted by the aphid Aphis craccivora. MDV has multiple single-stranded DNA genome components, each approximately 1 kb, and two or three alpha-satellite molecules. It mainly infects plants of the legume family Fabaceae. Recently, papaya (Carica papaya) collected in Yesan, South Korea, displaying symptoms of leaf yellowing and dwarfism, was identified as a new host for MDV. To examine the geographical distribution of MDV, papaya samples with symptoms were harvested in South Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan in August 2018, along with tomato and pepper samples grown in adjacent fields in Vietnam. The results revealed the presence of MDV not only in papaya but also in pepper and tomato. This MDV infection in members of the Solanaceae family was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization performed using a PCR product of segment S as a probe. Based on sequence analysis of three MDV components (M, S, and C3), we verified the presence of three different isolates of MDV in these three countries and homology between sequences of isolates from papaya and from members of the Solanaceae from Vietnam. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate MDV infection in Vietnam and Taiwan for the first time and confirm that MDV can infect economically important pepper and tomato.     

葡萄汁奶酒发酵工艺研究

本文以牛奶和葡萄为原料,通过单因素和正交试验优化了葡萄汁奶酒的发酵工艺。结果表明,影响葡萄汁奶酒感官评分因素的强弱顺序依次为发酵温度>接种量>发酵时间>蔗糖添加量>葡萄汁添加量,通过计算发现最佳组合为发酵温度25℃,发酵时间5d,接种量1.00%∶0.50%∶1.50%,蔗糖添加量8%,葡萄汁添加量11%。该组合酿制的葡萄汁奶酒感官评分最高,为92分。经测得,葡萄汁奶酒在最佳发酵工艺条件下的总糖为9.5g/L、酒精体积分数为6.8%,总酸质量浓度为7.2g/L,氨基酸态氮质量浓度为0.21g/L。该葡萄汁奶酒中的天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸和脯氨酸含量显著高于奶酒和牛奶中的含量(P<0.05)。     

葡萄籽原花青素的提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性研究

以新疆地产赤霞珠葡萄籽为原料,采用响应面法对微波辅助提取葡萄籽原花青素的工艺进行优化,并对其体外抗氧化活性进行评价。结果表明,最优提取工艺条件为：液料比25∶1（mL/g）,乙醇浓度60%,微波功率427 W,微波时间3 min,在该条件下葡萄籽原花青素得率为8.66%±0.25%;抗氧化试验结果表明：葡萄籽原花青素具有较强的清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）、羟基及2,2-联氮-双(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐（ABTS）自由基的能力,其在三种体系中的IC50值分别为3.71、4.05和3.78 μg/mL,是一种极具开发潜力的天然抗氧化剂。     

葡萄灰霉病生防芽胞杆菌的筛选与防效评价

本研究从新疆、山东及河北等地区采集的健康葡萄根际土壤中分离生防菌,以葡萄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea为靶标菌,通过平板对峙试验、葡萄叶片和果实上的离体抑菌试验,筛选获得4株生防菌BF1-1、BF2-1、BF3-1和BF4-1具有较好的拮抗作用,经形态学和分子生物学方法分别鉴定为地衣芽胞杆菌Bacillus licheniformis、解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens、枯草芽胞杆菌B.subtilis和蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus;4株生防菌所制成的生物菌肥,对葡萄灰霉病的田间防效可达到66.50%～85.68%,具有开发应用潜力。     

葡萄果皮花青素提取工艺优化研究

利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对提取葡萄果皮中花青素的提取液、提取方法和色谱条件进行比较,采用正交实验设计选择最佳的提取工艺,利用5种花青素峰面积分析夏黑葡萄果皮所含花青素的含量。试验结果表明,提取液为甲醇：水=1:1,磷酸调pH=2.0,提取时超声辅助提取30min,为最佳的工艺提取出夏黑葡萄果皮中花青素的含量,色谱条件为流动相A：水/乙腈/甲酸= 40/50/10(v/v/v),流动相B：水/乙腈/甲酸= 87/3/10(v/v/v),柱温45℃,进样量20μL,检测波长520 nm,梯度洗脱条件为:(1)0-15 min,6% A-30% A;(2)15-30 min,30% A-50% A;(3)30-35 min,50% A-60% A;(4)35-40 min,60% A-6% A,呈现的色谱图分离度更好,总体效果更佳。     

阳光玫瑰嫁接不同砧木上的生长表现

为了研究一年生和多年生砧木自根苗绿枝嫁接的生长差异,利用‘阳光玫瑰’新梢作为接穗,嫁接在一年生和多年生的‘3309C’‘SO4’‘5BB’砧木上。结果表明,嫁接在多年生砧木上的‘阳光玫瑰’叶片长、宽均比嫁接在一年生砧木上的大;嫁接在‘5BB’上的‘阳光玫瑰’生长状况（节间长、节间粗、叶片数和卷须数）比‘3309C’和‘SO4’上的差,叶绿素含量低;一年生苗嫁接的叶片薄壁细胞少、气孔数少、主脉最外侧细胞活跃排列更紧密,栅栏组织排列不紧密,海绵组织所占比例大;多年生嫁接的茎尖细胞活跃,排列紧密,分生能力强;大多数嫁接在砧木上的‘阳光玫瑰’叶片中开花基因的表达都降低;嫁接在一年生砧木上的基因表达水平比嫁接多年生砧木的高,VvFT基因表达量高于自根‘阳光玫瑰’,VvTFL低于自根‘阳光玫瑰’。本研究为生产中‘阳光玫瑰’的嫁接栽培提供了科学依据。     

中国荷斯坦牛DGAT2基因第4外显子与产奶性状的关联分析

本试验以宁夏地区8个公牛家系的各8头女儿共计64头中国荷斯坦母牛为研究对象．利用AB13730测序仪对DGAT2基因Exon4进行了基因型检测后发现三个突变位点474bp（C／G）、48lbp（G／A）、621bp（C／T）,各个位点发现有两种基因型,分别为CC型、GC型,GG型、GA型,CC型和CT型,基因型频率分别为0．484、0．516,0．687、0．313,0．484和0．516。通过SAS软件（8．02）对4个产奶性状与DGAT2基因Exon4的关联分析表明．474bp（C／G）CG型305d产奶量和乳脂率显著高于CC型（P〈0．05）,乳蛋白率、体细胞数影响不显著（P〉0．05）;481bp（G／A）GA型305d产奶量显著高于GG型,与乳脂率、乳蛋白率、体细胞数无显著的相关性（P〉0．05）;621bp（C／T）CT型305d产奶量、乳蛋白率、体细胞数都显著高于CC型（P〈0．05）,乳脂率影响不显著（P〉O．05）。     

葡萄‘小白玫瑰’及其突变品种‘小红玫瑰’果皮颜色变异机理分析

‘小红玫瑰’葡萄是源自于‘小白玫瑰’的突变品种,二者都是优良的酿酒葡萄品种,但其果实颜色变异的分子机理尚不清楚。用12对SSR(Simple sequence repeats)荧光标记特征引物对两品种进行分析,结果表明这些位点在二者之间无差别。对色泽变异决定基因Vvmyb A1的基因型进行分析,‘小白玫瑰’仅检测到含有插入逆转座子Gret1(grapevine retrotransposon 1)的VvmybA1a,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1a纯合体;而‘小红玫瑰’检测到了Vvmyb A1a和残留Gret1 3′-LTR(long terminal repeat)的VvmybA1b,说明其为VvmybA1a/VvmybA1b的杂合体。花色苷合成相关基因的表达分析表明,VvmybA1、UFGT、F3′5′H、CHS、GST和OMT在‘小红玫瑰’及有色对照品种‘黑比诺’中大量表达,而在‘小白玫瑰’和无色对照品种‘白比诺’中几乎不表达。通过HPLC–ESI–MS/MS对花色苷主要成分进行测定,结果表明矢车菊素3–O–葡萄糖苷(CyG)、矢车菊素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Cy2G)、飞燕草素3–O–葡萄糖苷(DpG)、锦葵色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(MvG)、芍药色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PnG)和矮牵牛色素3–O–葡萄糖苷(PtG)等6种花色苷在有色品种‘小红玫瑰’和‘黑比诺’果皮中的含量均显著高于无色品种,花葵素3–O–葡萄糖苷(Pg G)、花葵素3,5–O–双葡萄糖苷(Pg2G)在有色/无色品种间无显著差异,且含量很低。说明‘小红玫瑰’的着色是由于转录因子基因Vvmyb A1及其调控结构基因的表达引起的,而无功能的VvmybA1a等位基因突变为有功能的VvmybA1b等位基因是其果皮颜色变异的遗传学原因。