Greenhouse and field evaluations of commonly occurring weed species for their host suitability to Meloidogyne species

Since weeds serve as hosts for nematode pests, the host status of 20 weed species (commonly occurring in fields of developing farmers) to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica, respectively, were investigated. Greenhouse studies showed that seven weed species had Rf values >1 for both nematode species indicating susceptibility, while 13 had Rf values ≤ 1 indicating resistance. Greenhouse results showed that Hibiscus trionum and Amaranthus tricolor were identified as the most susceptible and Chenopodium carinatum and Datura ferox the poorest hosts for M. incognita and M. javanica. For field experiments at Kuruman, Solanum retroflexum was the most susceptible weed to a M. javanica population, while the same was evident for H. trionum at Nelspruit, where a mixed population of M. incognita and M. javanica occurred and at Potchefstroom, where a population of M. incognita was present. Results from this study indicated that certain weed species are highly susceptible to root-knot nematodes and should be removed timely and effectively to prevent population level increases of root-knot nematode pests in the fields of farmers.     

土壤中南方根结线虫的实时荧光PCR检测和定量

为了准确测定土壤中南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的群体密度,根据序列特异性扩增区标记设计了南方根结线虫特异性引物和TaqMan探针,分别建立了卵和2龄幼虫的实时荧光PCR定量检测体系,并将该检测体系与显微镜计数法进行了比较.结果表明,引物Mi-F/R及探针Mi-probe对南方根结线虫具有高度特异性,建立的标准曲线循环阈值与卵和2龄幼虫数量的对数值之间具有良好的线性关系,相关系数分别为0.9771和0.9853,扩增效率均为90％,检测灵敏度为10-1个卵及10-3条2龄幼虫;对10个田间土壤样本的检测显示,实时荧光PCR定量检测与显微镜计数法测定的南方根结线虫卵和2龄幼虫数量呈显著正相关,且两种方法对2龄幼虫的测定结果无显著差异.     

长枝木霉对南方根结线虫致死和寄生作用的显微观察及测定研究

对不同时期长枝木霉(Trichoderma longibrachiatum)分生孢子悬浮液对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)2龄幼虫的致死和寄生作用过程进行了显微观察和室内测定.显微观察结果表明,侵染初期长枝木霉分生孢子吸附或寄生在虫体的表面,并且分生孢子萌发产生大量的菌丝穿透虫体体壁.侵染后期被分生孢子寄生的虫体开始出现畸形,且寄生的部位出现缢缩和溶解,甚至有的虫体完全溶解.室内测定结果表明,不同浓度长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对2龄幼虫具有明显的致死和寄生作用,并且不同浓度长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液之间存在显著的差异.第14天浓度为1.5×107个/mL的长枝木霉分生孢子悬浮液对2龄幼虫的寄生率为87.33％,以及72 h后2龄幼虫的死亡率和校正死亡率分别为90.00％和88.81％.     

In vitro and in planta nematicidal activity of Fumaria parviflora (Fumariaceae) against the southern root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Root and stem extracts of Fumaria parviflora showed strong nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita in in vitro and in planta experiments. Phytochemical screening of F. parviflora revealed the presence of seven classes of bioactive compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids and phenols). Quantitative determination of the plant extracts showed the highest percentages of alkaloids (0·9 ± 0·04) and saponins (1·3 ± 0·07) in the roots and total phenolic contents in the stem (16·75 ± 0·07 μg dry g^?1). The n‐hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of roots and stems at concentrations of 3·12, 6·24, 12·5, 25·0 and 50·0 mg mL^?1, significantly inhibited hatching and increased mortality of second‐stage juveniles (J2s) compared with water controls. Percentage J2 mortality and hatch inhibition were directly related to exposure time. In pot trials with tomato cv. Rio Grande, root and stem extracts at concentrations of 1000, 2000 and 3000 ppm, applied as soil drenches, significantly reduced the number of galls, galling index, eggs masses, eggs and reproduction factor compared with the water control. Regardless of concentration, all the extracts significantly increased the host plant growth parameters studied. The n‐hexane extracts from the roots and stem were the most active, followed by the methanol ones, at all concentrations. The in vitro and in planta results suggest that extracts from the roots and stem of F. parviflora may be potential novel nematicides.     

野生樱桃李对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的抗性

为探明野生樱桃李抗根结线虫种质资源的价值,以实生钵苗为试材,采用人工接种等方法,研究其对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的抗性.结果表明:接种后30 d,野生樱桃李根系中北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫的雌成虫数量分别占2龄线虫接种量的0.16％和0.03％,依据抗性评价标准判定其高抗北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫;接种北方根结线虫的群体中包含免疫、高抗和中抗3种类型,分别占群体总数的46％、48％和6％;接种花生根结线虫的包含免疫和高抗2种类型,分别占群体总数的56％和44％;接种北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的植株未被侵染率分别为46％和52％,所有供试植株根系表面均未发现线虫卵块.野生樱桃李高抗北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫,其对北方根结线虫、花生根结线虫的抗性均存在显著的株间分离现象;抗侵入、抗发育和抗繁殖是其对北方根结线虫和花生根结线虫的主要抗性机制;野生樱桃李是抗根结线虫核果类果树砧木种质资源树种.     

茶枯饼乙醇抽提物对爪哇根结线虫的毒杀活性

【目的】研究了茶枯饼乙醇抽提物对爪哇根结线虫(Meloidogyne javanica)的毒杀活性,以及茶枯饼粉末拌土处理对空心菜和落葵爪哇根结线虫病的盆栽防治效果,为线虫病的生物防治提供理论依据。【方法】以茶枯饼为材料,采用药液直接浸泡法和粉末拌土盆栽法,分别研究了茶枯饼乙醇抽提物对爪哇根结线虫2龄幼虫的毒杀活性、对卵的孵化抑制性,以及茶枯饼粉末拌土处理对空心菜和落葵爪哇根结线虫病的防效。【结果】茶枯饼乙醇抽提物对爪哇根结线虫2龄幼虫有较强的毒杀活性,以50,100,150mg/mL茶枯饼乙醇抽提物处理72h,经清水复苏24h后,校正死亡率分别为39.94%,58.80%,70.68%;对爪哇根结线虫卵的孵化表现出较强抑制活性,以50,100,150mg/mL茶枯饼乙醇抽提物处理5d后,抑制孵化率均达到58%以上。茶枯饼粉末拌土处理对空心菜(9g/L)及落葵(11g/L)爪哇根结线虫均有较好的防治效果,茶枯饼粉末拌土能显著降低根结数及雌虫产卵量,并使植株地上部鲜质量显著增加。【结论】茶枯饼中存在杀线虫成分,可作为潜在的防治根结线虫病资源用于线虫病的防治。     

Nematicidal efficacy of isothiocyanates against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in cucumber

Isothiocyanates (ITCs), a series of new nematicides of the -NCS group, were evaluated for their efficacy against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Of the compounds tested, AllylITC, AcITC, EtITC, BzTC, BzITC, 1-PEITC and 2-PEITC showed in vitro irreversible nematicidal activity against second-stage juveniles of M. javanica, following exposure for 72 h at concentrations as low as 5 μg mL⁻¹. When exposed to AllylITC, AcITC and EtITC at lower concentrations, motile juveniles also became irreversibly immobile in 3 days, with a LC₅₀ value at 2.76, 2.53 and 3.05 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. In the pot experiments, 1.0 ml AllylITC and 1.1 ml AcITC per kg of soil controlled M. javanica, similarly to or better than metam sodium at its recommended dose. Similar results were obtained in the field experiments using 1.0 kg AllylITC or 1.0 kg AcITC ha⁻¹. Based on the results of this study, AllylITC and AcITC have potential to be used as new bio-fumigant nematicides.     

根结线虫属一新种—海南根结线虫

在海南省琼中县水稻根上，发现根结线虫属新种海南根结线虫Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅ ｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．（根结科Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｉｄａｅ）。该新种雌虫蜃盘与中辰不形成典型的哑铃状结构；会阴花纹结构为卵圆形至圆形，线纹细密，平没，北纹与腹纹相连，形成同心圆状，尾尖区花纹极细密，成波浪至锯齿状皱，且种内会阴花纹形成变异很小，雄虫中辰外缘有缺裂；侧区一般具４要侧线，具网纹饰。２龄幼虫体长     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

臭氧水对茄子根结线虫的防治效果评价

根结线虫是具有毁灭性危害的植物内生寄生虫,臭氧水漫灌土壤是较为理想的替代化学药剂的防治方法,但还未见在茄子上使用的报道。为了探究高浓度臭氧水漫灌处理土壤对茄子根结线虫的田间防治效果及对茄子生长的影响,本研究在茄子定植前对土壤进行连续2次臭氧水(9 mg/L)漫灌处理,并对漫灌处理前后和茄子整个生长期的根结线虫病害发生情况及茄子生长情况进行跟踪调查。结果表明,与对照相比,结果期和生长后期根结线虫数量分别下降91.67%和95.97%;幼苗期、结果期和生长后期的防治效果分别为100%、55.36%和65.52%;处理样本的株高显著提高。因此,高浓度臭氧水漫灌处理土壤对茄子根结线虫的防治效果较好且可减少农药使用量,对茄子生长安全,值得推广应用。