牛心朴子叶甲醇提取物对南方根结线虫的生物活性

为研发高效低毒的防治南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的新途径,通过毒力测定及盆验研究了牛心朴子叶甲醇提取物对南方根结线虫的生物活性。结果表明牛心朴子叶甲醇提取物具有较强的杀线虫活性,3000mg/L牛心朴子叶甲醇提取物处理48h后,线虫校正死亡率达93.30%,LC50为418.7mg/L,而盆栽试验表明牛心朴子叶甲醇提取物稀释100倍、1000倍、5000倍后处理接种了南方根结线虫的番茄苗,植株平均根结数分别为11.4±2.24、24.6±3.78和41.2±4.46,均显著低于对照（5%甲醇水溶液）的平均根结数67.5±6.18,株高分别比对照提高26.5%、18.7%和6.6%,地上部鲜重分别比对照增加31.4%、12.7%和1.5%,根长分别比对照增加32.6%、28.8%和20.9%,表明牛心朴子叶甲醇提取物对线虫具有较好的防效,并能促进植株生长,显示出一定的开发价值。     

Nematode suppression with brassicaceous amendments: application based upon glucosinolate profiles

Glucosinolate profiles differ among plant species and their isothiocyanate (ITC) derivatives differ in toxicity to nematodes. Successful management of plant-parasitic nematodes by ITCs requires the incorporation of appropriate amounts of glucosinolate-containing biomass. Plant materials, containing glucosinolate-precursors of the ITCs most toxic to nematodes, were selected and applied to soil based upon ITC lethal concentration (LC) values. This provided a reliable and repeatable basis for application rates for suppression of Meloidogyne javanica and Tylenchulus semipenetrans by Brassica hirta and M. javanica by B. juncea. Sufficient biomass of B. hirta to potentially yield 0.03-0.12 μmol ml⁻¹ of glucotropeolin reduced nematode survival compared to similar amounts of broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis). At biomass levels providing >0.37 μmol ml⁻¹ of glucotropeolin, mortality of M. javanica was 100% with B. hirta. Biomass of B. juncea potentially yielding 2.82 μmol ml⁻¹ of sinigrin reduced M. javanica survival 65% below that obtained by a similar amount of broccoli. Rates of B. juncea to yield lethal levels of allyl ITC to reduce T. semipenetrans survival underestimated the glucosinolate application rates for this amendment. Application of plant biomass to soil >2.9% w/w reduced M. javanica survival regardless of the glucosinolate concentration of the amendment material. Application of brassicaceous amendments to soil initiates complex and dynamic biological and chemical processes. Despite the inherent complexity, we find that brassicaceous amendments can be applied to achieve consistent and repeatable nematode suppression when based upon the chemistry of the incorporated material.     

The sea beet source of resistance to multiple species of root-knot nematode

Development of commercially available host-plant resistance to Meloidogyne spp. is essential to sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) root-knot nematode resistance breeding. Reactions of seedlings from resistant crosses and hybrid derivatives were evaluated against juvenile (J2) inoculations in the greenhouse. The noncultivated sea beet [B. vulgaris ssp. maritime (L.) Arcang] source of resistance is effective against the four economically important root-knot nematodes, i.e., M. incognita Races 1, 2 and 4 (Race 3 not tested), M. Javanica, M. arenaria Races 1 and 2, and M. hapla. In monoxenic culture, M. arenaria inoculations resulted in the most galling, and M. hapla, the least. Species combinations induced higher rates of infection. Different races of the same Meloidogyne species caused similar galling. Preliminary inoculation studies indicated that resistance was also effective to M. Chitwoodi and M. fallax. The trait of resistance to multiple Meloidogyne species may be valuable in developing sugarbeet, and possibly transgenic lines of other crops, resistant to root-knot nematode. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

晚香玉根结线虫病初步研究

 首次报道云南省元江县发现晚香玉根结线虫病。感病植株矮化、叶黄、叶尖焦枯、有根结,重病株花茎细弱,花朵数大为减少,花易落,甚至全株枯死。根据雌成虫典型的形态特征和测量值,病原线虫鉴定为南方根结线虫［Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White,1919)Chitwood,1949］。记述了病害发生与危害状况并提出了防治建议。     

Effect of water flow on the mobility of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in columns filled with glass beads, sand or andisol

In the present study, the migration of nematodes was studied in columns filled with three materials of different textures and chemical properties. The role of soil pores that enable root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) second stage juveniles (J2) to escape rapid water flow in soil was demonstrated using columns filled with glass beads, sand or andisol that maintained a constant water flow. Under a constant flow flux of 36 cm h⁻¹, living J2, dead J2 or anion bromine tracer (Br⁻) was injected in the middle of the column and then drainage water equivalent to two pore volumes (PV) was collected. The passive transport of the anion tracer in water flow could be explained by a convection dispersion equation. The dead J2 showed a pattern similar to that of Br⁻. However, the living J2 resisted movement in the water flow and remained in the column even at the highest water flow rate of 93.3 cm h⁻¹ in glass beads. The mobility of living J2 was affected by the filling materials; the number of J2 passing through the column was much lower in the andisol-filled column than in the other two columns but the total number of J2 in drainage water was 5% or less of the number injected for all columns. We suggest that J2 were affected not only by soil water flow but also by soil pore structure and have the ability of withstanding or avoiding movement in soil water flow.     

Suppression of damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum with live cells and extracts of Serratia marcescens N4-5

Environmentally friendly control measures are needed for the soil-borne pathogen, Pythium ultimum. This pathogen can cause severe losses to field- and greenhouse-grown cucumber and other cucurbits. Live cells and ethanol extracts of cultures of the bacterium Serratia marcescens N4-5 provided significant suppression of damping-off of cucumber caused by P. ultimum when applied as a seed treatment. Live cells of this bacterium also suppressed damping-off caused by P. ultimum on cantaloupe, muskmelon, and pumpkin. Culture filtrates from strain N4-5 contained chitinase and protease activities while ethanol extracts contained the antibiotic prodigiosin, the surfactant serrawettin W1, and possibly other unidentified surfactants. Production of prodigiosin and serrawettin W1 was temperature-dependent, both compounds being detected in extracts from N4-5 grown at 28 °C but not in extracts from N4-5 grown at 37 °C. Ethanol extracts from strain N4-5 grown at 28 °C inhibited germination of sporangia and mycelial growth by P. ultimum in in vitro experiments. There was no in vitro inhibition of P. ultimum associated with ethanol extracts of strain N4-5 grown at 37 °C. Prodigiosin, purified from two consecutive thin-layer chromatography runs using different solvent systems, inhibited germination of sporangia and mycelial growth of P. ultimum. Another unidentified compound(s) also inhibited germination of sporangia but did not inhibit mycelial growth. There was no in vitro inhibition associated with serrawettin W1. These results demonstrate that live cells and cell-free extracts of S. marcescens N4-5 are effective for suppression of damping-off of cucumber caused by P. ultimum possibly due in part to the production of the antibiotic prodigiosin.     

南方根结虫寄生相关基因研究进展

南方根结线虫在世界范围内广泛分布,在最低温度高于3℃的每个国家都有发现.它能侵染几乎所有农作物的根系因此成为最具破坏力的作物病原物.每年造成的经济损失高达1000亿美元.尽管杀线虫化学药剂是控制南方根结线虫最有效的方法,但因其对人类和环境的毒性而逐渐被弃用.因此研究工作的重点转向研究南方根结线虫寄生相关基因及其产物上.这些研究有助于深入了解其成功寄生和突破植物免疫防御的机理.综述了南方根结线虫寄生相关基因及其产物的研究进展,并对使用RNAi技术防治南方根结线虫的策略进行了评估.     

VA菌根真菌对蕃茄线虫病的影响

ＶＡ菌根真菌Ｖｅｓｉｃｕｌａｒ－Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ在蕃茄根部形成的菌根对南方根结线虫幼虫的存活率、侵染率有一定的影响。在菌根化植株的根部,根结线虫形成的虫瘿少于未接种菌根的植株,线早的侵染率也极显著地低很多。菌根化根的浸提物对线虫功虫有一定的抑制作用１ｄ后约使半数的幼虫死亡。试验结果还表明,Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ对蕃茄有促生作用。     

温室快速鉴定花生根结线虫病抗性新方法

为了通过对花生抗线虫鉴定方法的比较,确定更加快速有效的抗性鉴定技术,作者于2002～2003年在佐治亚大学的Tifton试验站进行了温室盆栽试验。结果表明,侵染期幼虫与虫卵均可用于花生抗线性鉴定的温室接种,但与使用虫卵接种相比,以侵染期幼虫作为接种体需要多花3～5d的时间收集幼虫;接种后14d,可以依据0～5级的虫瘿分级标准将供试的4份花生种质区分开来;接种后6～10周依据卵块数量或每克根中的虫卵数可以进一步确认花生的抗性水平。虫瘿级数、虫瘿数量、卵块数量及每克根中的卵量之间存在着极显著(P<0.01)的正相关关系。根据研究结果提出了温室中花生抗线虫鉴定的程序方法:以8000粒卵/株为适宜接种量,接种后14d依据0～5级的虫瘿分级标准进行初筛,对初筛入选的材料再在接种后6周根据卵块数量或卵量验证其抗性。     

水稻根结线虫病的病原鉴定及其侵染源的研究

 在福建省政和县稻田发现大面积的严重水稻根结线虫病,沟渠内禾本科杂草油芒(Eccoilopus sp.)也遭受根结线虫（Meloidogyne   sp.）的严重侵染。这两种寄主的根结线虫形态特征与拟禾本科根结线虫(Meloidogyne graminicola,Golden and Birchfield,1965)原始描述相符;对根结线虫的rDNA ITS区、28S rDNA D2/D3区进行了扩增、克隆与测序,其序列与GenBank中拟禾本科根结线虫的相似性达99%以上,据此将水稻和油芒上的根结线虫鉴定为拟禾本科根结线虫。通过交叉接种试验和田间调查,证实油芒是水稻根结线虫的重要寄主,为田间水稻根结线虫病的重要侵染源。