Dynamics of Aggregate Stability Influenced by Soil Management and Crop Residues

Abstract

The type of tillage and crop systems used can either degrade or cause a recovery of the structure of agricultural soils. The objective of this study was to determine the structural stability of the soil using mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates in three different periods of a succession of crops consisting of beans/cover plants/maize under no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) management systems. Soils were sampled at 0‐ to 5‐cm and 5‐ to 15‐cm depths in three periods (P1, P2, P3): 1) November 2002 (spring/summer), 2) April 2003 (beginning of autumn), and 3) December 2003 (end of spring/beginning of summer). Aggregate stability was determined by wet sieving. The effects of the tillage systems, vegetal residues, and sampling depths on the structural stability of the aggregates were assessed and then related to organic matter (OM) contents. Aggregate stability showed temporal variation as a function of OM contents and sampling period. No tillage led to high MWD values in all study periods. The lowest MWD values and OM contents were observed 4 months after the management of the residues of cover plants. This finding is consistent with the fact that at the time of the samplings, most of the OM had already mineralized. The residues of sunn‐hemp, millet, and spontaneous vegetation showed similar effects on soil aggregate stability.     

Efficient plant regeneration of Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) via somatic embryogenesis

This report describes the efficient plant regeneration of Chamaecyparis obtusa Sieb et Zucc. via somatic embryogenesis. Embryogenic cultures were initiated from megagametophytes containing immature zygotic embryos. Embryogenic cultures were maintained and proliferated by 2–3-week interval subcultures in medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. High maturation frequencies of cotyledonary embryos were obtained on maturation medium containing maltose, polyethylene glycol, activated charcoal, and abscisic acid. Somatic embryos germinated readily after transfer to plant growth regulator-free medium. Growth of regenerated emblings has been monitored in a greenhouse.     

杨树速生林适宜采伐期的测定研究

确定杨树速生林适宜采伐期,与树种结构、林龄、林分密度和林木连年生长量有直接关系,当林分密度进入极限时,林木连年生长量开始从高峰下降,说明林分已进入适宜采伐期,实行适宜采伐期采伐作业,可获最佳经济效益。     

华南虎哺乳期母幼行为的初步研究

对梅花山华南虎繁育研究所内 4号母虎及其所产幼虎的母幼行为进行了初步研究 ,着重描述了华南虎母幼的各种行为 ,并对其中的一些行为作了初步探讨。母幼间接触的部位主要是头部等感官较敏感区域 ,通过各种接触是建立母幼友好、亲昵关系的主要途径。母虎主要通过哺乳、舔、嗅等行为与幼虎接触 ,其次是拱、衔、护幼行为等 ;而幼虎主要是通过吮乳、舔、嗅闻与母虎接触 ,其次是叫等方式     

论先秦时期我国的竹资源及利用

根据历史文献和考古资料,考证了我国史前时期、夏商周时期竹林资源的分布,论述了先秦时期在生产、生活、文化、兵器等方面对竹资源的开发利用.     

毛竹林出笋与幼竹生长发育规律的研究

本文以江苏宜兴林场、江西宜丰花桥林场以及南京林业大学下蜀实习林场等试验地内毛竹林出笋与幼竹生长资料和从江苏宜兴气象站抄录整理而成的1976～1986年中每年的11个气象资料为原始材料,定量地对毛竹林出笋及幼竹的生长发育的内在规律性及其与气象因子之间的关系进行了系统的研究。回归分析表明,影响翌年竹林出笋及幼竹生长发育的6个主导气象因子是7、8、9三个月的平均温度、年平均温度、年降水量、温暖指数、日均温≥10℃积温和7、8、9三个月的平均降水量。借助于有序样本聚类分析方法,将竹林整个出笋期划分为三个时期即出笋初期、出笋盛期和出笋末期。最佳拟合求算表明,毛竹幼竹高生长用单分子生长式来拟合精度较高。通过对正态累积函数和概率单位之间关系的研究可知,毛竹高生长在竹笋出土后21天左右进入速生期,竹笋出土后30天左右达高生长高峰期,竹笋出土后38天左右达高生长速生末期。本文还就如何根据幼竹的生长发育规律,采用相应的营林措施来培育速生丰产林等有关问题进行了探讨。     

木麻黄皮暗斑螟生物学特性的研究

木麻黄皮暗斑螟（ＥｕｚｏｐｈｅｒａｂａｔａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＣａｒａｄｊａ）在福建省一年发生５代，以幼虫于１２月中旬在树干被害处的虫道内越冬（亦有少数以蛹越冬），林间世代重叠现象明显。成虫羽化盛期的温度为３０．３—３４．０℃，相对湿度为７５．７％—８４．３％，平均寿命７．９天，产卵量４５．７粒。卵孵化率９０．５％。幼虫共５龄，具群集性，以第一代幼虫取食量最大，老熟幼虫喜在粪粒层与树干交界部结茧化蛹，蛹期８．５天。皮暗斑螟的天敌有１０余种，其中拟小腹茧蜂在自然界的寄生率达１６％。     

Influence of osmotic pressure on somatic embryo maturation in Pinus densiflora

The effect of an osmoticum, polyethylene glycol (PEG), on somatic embryo production was examined using embryogenic cells of Pinus densiflora. In the basal medium containing 30 μM abscisic acid and 6% maltose, the quality of the embryos formed was poor even though somatic embryos were produced. The addition of PEG with molecular weight of 4000 or 8000 significantly enhanced the development of both the quality and quantity of somatic embryos. Furthermore, higher levels of a constant osmotic pressure with PEG 8000 in a range from about 300 to 450 mmol/kg could remarkably enhance the morphogenesis of somatic embryos and their number of embryos produced. A higher stable osmotic pressure with an appropriate molecular weight of PEG is a key factor for the production of good quality somatic embryos in P. densiflora.     

Phenological phases of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and their dependence on region and altitude in Southern Germany

Long-term observational data of the phenological network of the German Weather Service (DWD) were used to derive the altitudinal dependence of leaf unfolding (LU), leaf discolouration (LD) and the length of the vegetation period (LD-LU) of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in different regions of Southern Germany. Depending on altitude, the vegetation period starts in Bavaria between the 2nd and 24th May with a delay of around 2 days per 100 m altitude increase (averaged over the last 30 years). In Southern Bavaria, LU starts a few days earlier as well as increases slightly faster into higher altitudes than in the northern regions. This can be explained by a more favourable supply of warmth and radiation in the south. The end of the vegetation period, defined here as the beginning of LD, showed no altitudinal dependence, which reflects an interaction of endogenous and exogenous factors as triggers for LD. In the Bavarian Forest region, altitudinal dependences are strongly influenced by sites which are affected by cold-air tailback (‘Kaltluftstau’) was obtained. Hence, phenological gradients should only be derived and applied above a phenological inversion zone. The calculated vertical gradients for LU can be used together with available observational data to estimate the beginning of the forest vegetation period of beech for different altitudes of Bavaria.     

Estimation of sequestered carbon in Article-3.4 private planted forests in the first commitment period in Japan

The purpose of this study was to predict the likely amounts of carbon sequestration on a national scale for Japan in the Article-3.4 private planted forests of the Kyoto Protocol during the first commitment period. We regarded the planted forests that had undergone silvicultural practices such as weeding, pruning, and thinning since 1990 as Article-3.4 planted forests in accordance with the definition given by the Forestry Agency of Japan. Regression models were developed to predict the forest areas that had undergone silvicultural practices, employing silvicultural subsidies and forest workers' wages as predictor variables. Then the time series changes in the predictor variables were provided by extending their recent trends, with the result being that the forest areas that have undergone silvicultural practices were predicted on the basis of the three scenarios of the variables. Thus, the Article-3.4 forest area was calculated considering overlaps of silvicultural practices over fixed stands, and the area was converted into the amount of carbon sequestration by multiplying it by coefficients such as a volume table, biomass expansion factor, and others. The result implied that Article-3.4 private planted forests were expected to sequester 8.16–8.87 Mt-C year⁻¹ during the first commitment period. These amounts cover 63%–68% of the carbon sequestration goal by land-use change and forestry activities capped under the Marrakesh Accords. To realize this prediction, it is important to provide a sufficient silvicultural subsidy to last until the end of the first commitment period and to implement silvicultural practices on the forest stands that have not undergone such practices since 1990.