A validated mechanistic model of carrot (Daucus carota L.) growth

A mechanistic model of carrot vegetative and root development was constructed. This model determined canopy photosynthesis over a day, assimilates were then partitioned into either roots or leaves via temperature dependent partitioning coefficients. Assimilates were lost via terms describing growth and maintenance respiration. The model was calibrated on data from four different carrot cultivars, originating from the UK (Autumn King), Syria (Carrot_S), Poland (Dolanka) and Russia (Hibinskaja), grown in controlled environment glasshouse compartments at one of six temperatures (9–30 °C) repeated over three sowing dates. Calibration of the model showed that it could account for between 83 and 95% of the variance in carrot plant and root dry weights. The model was then validated using independent data from the same cultivars of carrots grown in the field at Reading. In this instance, the model accounted for 75 and 79% of the variance in plant and root weight, respectively. Two other independent data sets were used to validate the model, including carrot of a different cultivar (Panther) grown in phytotrons at temperatures between 9 and 21 °C, at two different locations and over a three sowing dates. In this instance, the model accounted for between 63 and 69% of the variance in root weight. The model also predicted that if ambient carbon dioxide levels increased from 348 to 551 μmol mol⁻¹, root dry weight would increase by 12%, which is within the margin of error of the experimental value of 16% reported in the literature. The model can therefore be used to study the potential impacts of global climate change on carrot production, as well as to rapidly predict whether germplasm is suited to any particular environment.     

高压脉冲电场对茄子陈种子萌发影响

利用主成分分析和二次通用旋转组合试验方法研究了高压脉冲电场对茄子陈种子萌发的影响.结果表明:高压脉冲电场可以促进茄子陈种子萌发,尤其是可以明显提高种子的发芽势.通过分析建立场强和时间对于发芽综合指标(Y)的数学关系模型Y=127.40400 4.85051X1 2.98890X2-10.63825X2 1-5.87325X2 2,得出场强为6.50 kV/cm,作用时间为200 s效果最好.     

Prediction of Ripening Stage of Cameo Apple Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, farmers determine when a crop is ready for harvest by observing sensible attributes. They inspect the color or other physical observables which their crops exhibit and make decisions based on these observations and their past experience. This research presents for the first time a mathematical method employing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to quantify the maturation or ripeness of Cameo apple based on the changes in concentrations of selected constituent components (e.g., glucose) in the apple fruit. Cameo apple fruit samples were collected from a single tree every 15 days during the last 60 days of the apple fruit maturation cycle and then analyzed with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The vibrational bands from the Fourier-transform infrared spectra were assigned to specific functional group. The peak intensities of the vibrational bands corresponding to glucose molecule were normalized and plotted against the number of days remaining before the apple fruit maturity and were observed to show a linear relationship. This relationship can be used to calculate the time required for the apple fruit to reach maturity and also to calculate the concentration of constituent components at any stage of its growth cycle.     

摩天岭北坡东南部不同海拔梯度草本植物群落特征

海拔因子是影响植被生长的主导因子,对生态系统格局与过程有着深远的影响。本研究运用相关分析、逐步回归分析和Pearson相关系数检验对摩天岭北坡南段海拔600-1 500m草本植物多样性以及群落初级生产力进行分析。结果表明,1)物种多度与海拔梯度呈显著正相关关系(R2=0.278 4)(P0.05),植物盖度与海拔梯度呈显著负相关关系(R2=0.43),草本层高度、密度与海拔梯度相关性不显著(P0.05);2)植被地上生物量随海拔梯度的上升表现出先增后减的变化趋势,地下生物量随海拔变化差异较大,表现出先增后减再增的趋势;3)从功能群的角度分析,草本层植物功能群地上生物量和地下生物量随海拔梯度的变化趋势基本一致。摩天岭北坡东南部草本植物群落特征随海拔梯度变化显著,各功能群的地上、地下生物量差异显著。生物量与草本层植被盖度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),生物量与植物高度和密度的相关性不显著,以及植物盖度、高度和密度之间相关程度不高。     

芋种子萌发特性的研究

以仰光×乐平及仰光×霞山2种杂交种子为试材,探究消毒方法、光照、温度、播种基质对芋种子萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:8%Na Cl O(无水酒精稀释)处理9min后用无水酒精清洗种子是最佳的芋种子消毒方法;种子或珍珠岩消毒对种子的萌发和子叶的生长无显著影响,但在有菌条件下,生长后期衍生出的细菌或真菌会影响子叶的后续生长;芋种子是喜光性种子,种子萌发的适宜温度为25~30℃;在培养土中,芋种子不萌发,湿润滤纸、无菌水、珍珠岩、沙子和MS培养基中芋种子的发芽率较高,但仅沙子和MS培养基中幼苗生长健壮;移栽于培养土后幼苗生长良好,成活率高达95%。     

Spatial patterns of spear rot in oil palm plantations in Surinam

As the aetiology of spear rot of oil palm is unknown, indirect methods were applied to study its putative infectiousness by analysing data from commercial oil palm plantations in Surinam. Geostatistics and gradient analysis were used to examine the spatial variation of spear rot disease in 13 blocks at two plantations. In two blocks, which had low spear rot incidence initially, the variogram indicated that affected trees were not spatially related, suggesting that infection came from various distant sources. Later, the semivariances in one of these two blocks and in seven others, calculated for successive dates, showed a linear increase with distance. The variograms for four blocks showed a nonlinear increase in variance. Over the years, the variograms suggested that the variation in spear rot was anisotropic, with more spatial dependence in a westerly direction. Classical analysis of disease gradients over time confirmed that there was a preferential direction of disease spread. The data are compatible with the following hypotheses: (1) spear rot is an infectious disease; (2) the causal agent of spear rot is vector-borne, the vector being displaceable by wind; and (3) spear rot appears in two distinct phases, phase 1 being characterized by few randomly scattered trees, phase 2 by focal spread of disease starting from such scattered trees. The trigger of the change from phase 1 to phase 2 remains unknown.     

土壤侵蚀强度分级标准适用性初探

以水利部颁发的土壤分蚀强度分级拟定标准为基础,利用前人的研究成果,比较了不同植被覆盖度下的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明,土壤侵蚀强度分级拟定标准与前人研究成果间均存在一定差距,说明该拟定标准的适用性值得进一步斟酌。     

EFFECT OF HYDRATION ON SIGNAL INTENSITY OF GELATIN PHANTOMS USING LOW-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN OSTEOARTHRITIS

Five gelatin phantoms were constructed to study the effect of matrical hydration on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity using a low-field strength imager. Water content of the phantoms ranged from 75 to 95% weight/weight. Signal intensity values of each phantom were measured using five imaging sequences: proton density, T1-weighted, T2-weighted, inversion recovery with short inversion time, and inversion recovery with long inversion time. There was significant positive correlation (p < .05) of signal intensity with differences in hydration using the T2-weighted sequence and the inversion recovery sequence with short inversion time. Significant negative correlations (p < .05) were found with T1-weighted imaging and the inversion recovery sequence with long inversion time. In a second part of the study, in vivo focal variations in MRI signal intensity were evaluated in a canine cranial cruciate ligament deficient model of osteoarthritis. Signal intensity measurements were obtained from multiple areas of articular cartilage to identify an initial stage in osteoarthritis that is characterized in part by increased hydration of articular cartilage. At 6 weeks post-transection of the cranial cruciate ligament, an increase in signal intensity was detected in the articular cartilage of the weight-bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle and the caudal portion of the medial tibial condyle with T1-weighted imaging. The increase in signal intensity may reflect increased proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes that also occurs early in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.     

不同光环境对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和繁殖的影响

为明确不同光环境对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta成虫寿命和繁殖的影响,于室内条件下测定不同光照强度（10 000、1 000、100、1和0.01 mW/m2）与不同波长光（红光630 nm、黄光575 nm、绿光510 nm、蓝光455 nm、紫光440 nm和紫外光365 nm）照射下梨小食心虫的成虫寿命、交配率、产卵前期、产卵期、单雌产卵量、卵发育历期和卵孵化率等生物学参数进行分析。结果表明,相较于10 000、1 000和100 mW/m2高光照强度处理,1 mW/m2和0.01 mW/m2低光照强度处理下,梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命较短（<15 d）,单雌产卵量较低,分别为51.44粒和51.02粒;卵发育历期较长,分别为3.36 d和3.24 d;产卵前期和产卵期均以1 mW/m2处理最短,分别为3.80 d和5.19 d;交配率和卵孵化率在不同光照强度下无显著差异。相较于黄光、绿光和蓝光,红光和紫外光环境下梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命缩短（<13 d）,交配率降低,分别为54.45%和65.56%;产卵前期延长（>5.5 d）,产卵期缩短（&l...