温度、盐度和光照强度对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收的影响

在实验室条件下,研究了不同的温度和盐度组合,温度和光照强度组合对鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)氮、磷吸收速率的影响.结果表明,上述3个环境因子对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收速率均有显著影响.其中,温度和盐度对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收速率有极显著影响(P<0.01),二者交互作用也极显著(P<0.01).在盐度20、温度25℃条件下和盐度30、温度30℃条件下,鼠尾藻对氮有较高吸收速率,分别为11.26μmol/[g(dw)·h]和11.01 μmol/[g(dw)·h];在盐度40、温度15～30℃范围内对磷的吸收速率较大,达到1.5μmol/[g(dw)·h]以上.温度和光照对鼠尾藻氮、磷吸收速率均有极显著影响(P<0.01),二者交互作用极显著(P<0.01).在温度15℃和光照强度140～180μE/(m2·s)以及温度20～25℃和光照强度60～100 μE/(m2·s)条件下,鼠尾藻对氮有较高吸收速率,均在9.60 μmol/[g(dw)·h]以上;在温度25℃和光照强度60μE(m2·s)条件下,鼠尾藻对磷的吸收速率达到最大,为1.30 μmol/[g(dw)·h].本研究结果表明,鼠尾藻总体上对水体中的氮、磷均具有较高的吸收速率,且能较好地同时吸收NH4+-N和NO3--N,显示了它对海水环境中营养盐具有较强的吸收能力.     

农用柴油发动机噪声污染分析

柴油发动机广泛应用于各类农业机械中,由其带来的噪声污染也日益严重.为研究柴油机的整机噪声,利用声强测试技术中的p-p法,对某型农用六缸柴油发动机进行实测.通过对发动机各包络面上声强分布和声功率测试结果的分析,确定了其噪声源的位置、声功率的大小、主要噪声频率及整机辐射强度,为控制柴油发动机噪声污染提供了理论依据.     

直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮接触强度的有限元分析

针对采用传统经验公式分析计算齿轮泵齿轮接触强度存在计算过程相当复杂、繁琐,误差较大的问题.在分析齿轮受力情况基础上,采用有限元法对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮接触强度进行计算,并与经验公式计算的接触强度进行比较分析.结果表明,两种方法计算结果基本吻合,证实了采用有限元法分析计算的可行性与优越性,为直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮的设计、选材提供了一种新的方法,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

Influence of light intensity on feeding, growth, and early survival of leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) larvae under mass-scale rearing conditions

This study investigated the effect of different light intensities on feeding, growth and survival of early stage leopard coral grouper Plectropomus leopardus larvae. Four different light intensities (0, 500, 1000 and 3000 lx) were used and larvae were kept under constant light conditions from 0 day after hatching (DAH) to 5 DAH. The larvae were fed a small S-type of Thai strain rotifers at a density of 20 individuals/mL from 2 DAH. The number of rotifers in larval digestive organ and total length of larvae were examined at 3 h intervals between 04:00 and 22:00 h on 3 DAH, and thereafter at 6 h intervals until the end of the experiment (5 DAH). Four experimental trials of the larval rearing were repeated using by 60 kL mass-scale rearing tanks. The results indicate that coral grouper larvae are visual feeders and their food intake increases with increasing light intensity. Food intake of larvae reared at 3000 lx was significantly higher than those reared at 0–1000 lx on 3 DAH despite being the first-feeding day (P < 0.01). On 4 DAH, total length of larvae reared at 3000 lx was significantly larger than those reared at the lower light intensities (0, 500 and 1000 lx), and thereafter light intensity significantly influenced larval feeding and growth until the end of the experiment. Survival on 5 DAH did not show a significant difference between light intensities, but survival rate at 3000 lx and 1000 lx had a tendency to be higher than those reared at the lower light intensities (0 and 500 lx). In contrast, larvae reared at 0 lx exhibited stagnant and/or negative growth. These results indicate that light intensity is significantly the factor affecting larval feeding, growth, and survival in coral grouper larvae under the rearing conditions.     

Outdoor mass microalgae production in Bahia Kino, Sonora, NW Mexico

The diatom Chaetoceros muelleri was grown in outdoor mass cultures under the winter, spring and summer conditions of Bahia Kino, Sonora, NW Mexico. The solar irradiance in winter was close to 60% of that available in spring and summer, but the cell concentrations and the harvestable biomass were one order of magnitude higher in spring and summer than in winter. There was no difference between the biomass harvested after 2 and 3 days in winter and summer, whereas in spring it was higher after 3 days. The protein content was significantly lower in winter, and carbohydrates and lipids were higher in winter and spring. The number of cells and the amount of harvestable biomass of outdoor cultures of C. muelleri depend on the temperature prevailing in each season, which causes significant differences in growth rates and in biochemical composition.     

Effects of an extreme flash flood on the native fish assemblages across a Mediterranean catchment

Abstract  The effects of an extreme flash flood on the native fish assemblages across a Mediterranean catchment in Southwest Portugal were investigated. The fish community structure and habitat were surveyed at 10 sites pre- and post-flood. Overall species richness and rank abundances changed little after the flood, despite there being a consistent decline in the abundance of small cyprinids. Pre- and post-flood habitat correlates of abundance changed for at least some species, and variability in assemblage structure was associated with flood, depth and pH. These results indicate that extreme floods occurring early in the wet season may have little disruptive effects on the overall structure of native fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams, although may at least partially influence population dynamics for some species. Habitat quality and complexity are likely to play a role in mediating species responses to flooding.     

炔草酯的控草效果和对油菜田间光照、养分、水分及 产量的影响

为明确15%炔草酯WP在油菜田的应用前景,建立油菜田的杂草管理体系,研究了不同开沟深度、不同时期施用15%炔草酯WP对油菜田杂草的控制作用以及炔草酯与其他药剂混用的效果,同时研究了该药剂对田间光照、养分、水分和油菜产量的影响。结果表明,开深沟有利于药效的发挥。在禾本科杂草处于1～2叶期时进行药剂处理,一般可以获得比较理想的除草效果。炔草酯与草除灵混用对禾本科杂草和双子叶杂草都具有良好的防除效果。施用15%炔草酯WP能显著提高油菜田间的透光率,降低杂草对田间养分和水分的吸收。15%炔草酯WP的施用对油菜株高、千粒重没有显著影响,但对油菜第一分枝高度、单株分枝数、角果数影响较大,能显著提高油菜产量。     

基于改进权重湿润指数的东北地区春玉米涝渍灾害评估方法

【目的】研究东北地区春玉米涝渍灾害评估方法,为气候变化背景下东北地区春玉米合理生产和管理提供科学依据。【方法】以权重湿润指数为基础,采用作物需水量代替参考作物蒸散量,构建改进权重湿润指数;运用1986—2015年东北地区春玉米生育期内涝渍灾害事件与改进权重湿润指数耦合方法、基于K-S检验的正态分布显著性检验方法和t-分布区间估计方法等,确定基于改进权重湿润指数的东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段涝渍强度分级阈值;从农田土壤相对湿度与改进权重湿润指数相关性和拟合关系检验,改进权重湿润指数、权重湿润指数评估结果与历史灾情结果一致性检验,以及典型年份涝渍灾变过程动态评估准确性检验3个方面,对改进权重湿润指数评估春玉米涝渍灾害的精度进行验证;分析东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段涝渍强度空间格局,揭示其规律特征。【结果】（1）改进权重湿润指数与不同深度的土壤相对湿度均达到极显著相关（P<0.001）,除玉米快速发育期外,其他生育期内二者相关系数最大值均出现在20 cm深度土壤相对湿度;将不同生育阶段改进权重湿润指数与20 cm深度土壤相对湿度间进行Slogistic曲线拟合,决定系数（R ²）最大值出现在生育中期（0.46）,其后依次是生育后期（0.34）、快速发育期（0.31）和初始生长期（0.21）,均方根误差（RMSE）最小值出现在生育后期（0.49）,其后依次是生育中期（0.51）、初始生长期（0.52）和快速发育期（0.56）,不同生育阶段拟合曲线中90%的20 cm土壤相对湿度所对应的改进权重湿润指数值最小值出现在初始生长期（0.77）,其后依次是快速发育期（1.12）、生育中期（1.21）和生育后期（1.25）。（2）与随机预留的春玉米涝渍灾害事件测试样本中灾情判定结果相比,权重湿润指数评估结果的完全准确率为26.7%,部分准确率为66.7%;改进权重湿润指数评估结果的完全准确率为66.7%,部分准确率为93.3%。（3）以嫩江、白城和沈阳3个代表站点1998年春玉米生育期内涝渍灾害为例,对比降水、权重湿润指数和改进权重湿润指数随时间变化的过程曲线,发现改进权重湿润指数所反映的当年涝渍发生时间和强度等级与灾情资料更为相符,而其大小还可直观表征涝渍强度动态变化。（4）春玉米不同生育阶段各强度等级的涝渍频率差别较大,黑龙江中部、吉林东南部、辽宁东南部为中度及以上涝渍频率的高发区,生育中期是中度及以上涝渍频率高发期。【结论】基于改进权重湿润指数的东北地区春玉米不同生育阶段涝渍强度分级阈值划分方法结果可靠,可表征农田涝渍实际发生状况;相对于权重湿润指数而言,改进权重湿润指数不仅对春玉米涝渍灾害评估准确率更高,而且更适于对涝渍灾变过程的跟踪和动态评估,对于揭示气候变化背景下东北地区春玉米涝渍灾变机制和时空演变规律具有重要意义。     

油菜黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）生物学特性研究

为了解我国油菜黑胫病病原菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）的生物学特性,在实验室里研究了温度、pH值、光照、碳源及氮源等条件对该病菌营养生长及分生孢子产生的影响。结果表明：病原菌在5℃～35℃均可进行营养生长并产孢,最适生长和产孢温度为25℃;在pH4～10的范围内该菌均能生长并产孢,在pH7的条件下生长最快,产孢最多。光暗交替有利于菌丝生长和产孢,而持续光照不利于菌丝生长,尤其不利于产孢。最适的碳源、氮源分别是可溶性淀粉、牛肉膏。分生孢子的致死温度为52℃。     

土培条件下不同盐分梯度对水稻产量及其生理特性的影响

以南粳9108和甬优2640为材料,设置6个土壤含盐量(0%、0.07%、0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%),研究不同盐分梯度对水稻产量和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)盐胁迫影响水稻的生长和发育进程。株高、叶面积、干物质量等形态指标均随盐浓度的上升而下降;稻谷产量亦随盐浓度增加而下降,在0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%盐浓度处理时产量显著下降,南粳9108分别减产14.14%、43.65%、58.91%、65.68%,甬优2640分别减产20.25%、31.97%、40.41%、49.82%。(2)随着盐浓度的增加,2个参试品种抽穗期叶片抗氧化酶活性均呈先升后降趋势,在0.07%处理下达最高值。(3)抽穗期叶片中游离脯氨酸含量随盐浓度的上升而增加,盐浓度大于0.14%,游离脯氨酸含量较对照显著增加。(4)盐胁迫下,水稻植株吸收Na~+并置换出K~+,除叶片中K~+变化无规律之外,随着盐浓度上升,各部位K~+含量均下降,Na~+含量均上升,K~+/Na~+均呈下降趋势。茎鞘与叶运输的SK、Na随盐浓度的上升而上升,茎选择性运输K~+而抑制Na~+进入叶片;根与茎的SK、Na随盐浓度的上升而下降,茎吸收Na~+并输出K~+到根系。总体而言,低盐浓度对高产水稻品种产量和生理特性无显著影响,盐浓度大于0.07%时影响显著。