SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS RESPONSE OF RAPE (B. NAPUS) VERSUS MUSTARD (B. JUNCEA) TO SULFUR AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER APPLICATION IN NORTHWEST PAKISTAN

Improper sulfur (S) and potassium (K) fertilizer management, particularly with continued soil nutrient mining, is one of the major factors contributing to low seed yield of canola in northwestern Pakistan. A field experiment was conducted in 2007?2008 on a S and K deficient clay loam soil at the Research Farm of NWFP (Northwest Frontier Province) Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan, with an objective to determine seed yield and yield components response of Brassica oilseed rape versus mustard to S and K application. Twenty treatments in a randomized complete block design were consisted of two oilseed rape (B. napus canola) and mustard (B. juncea canola) genotypes at three rates each of S (15, 30, and 45 kg S ha^?1) and K (30, 60, and 90 kg K ha^?1) fertilizers plus one control (no S and K applied). Seed yield and yield components increased significantly with K and S fertilization as compared to the zero-S/zero-K control. Both genotypes responded positively for seed yield and yield components to K and S fertilization, but the magnitude of response varied with levels of S and K, as well as combined K + S applications. It is concluded that a combination of 60 kg K + 30 kg S ha^?1 would improve seed yield and yield components of rape and mustard in the study area and contribute significantly to increased production. Growing B. napus was better than B. juncea in the study area, because B. napus produced significantly higher seed yield and yield components than B. juncea, indicating that yield components are the most important criteria for selection of Brassica genotypes for higher seed yield.     

System productivity,nutrient use efficiency and apparent nutrient balance in rice-based cropping systems

A 2-year field experiment was conducted to assess system productivity, nutrient use efficiency and apparent balances of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in diversified rice-based cropping systems at Gazipur, Bangladesh. Four cropping systems: wheat–fallow–rice, maize–fallow–rice, potato–fallow–rice and mustard–fallow–rice in main plots and four nutrient combinations: NPK, NK, NP and PK in sub-plots were arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Receiving the NPK treatment, all the component crops gave the highest yield, and omission of N from fertilizer package gave the lowest yield. The maize–rice system removed the highest amount of N (217 kg ha^?1), P (41 kg ha^?1) and K (227 kg ha^?1) followed by wheat–rice, potato–rice and the least in mustard–rice system. The wheat–rice and maize–rice system showed negative K balance of –35.5 and –60.4 kg ha^?1 in NPK treatment, while potato–rice system showed a positive K balance of 31.0 kg ha^–1 with NPK treatment. The N, P and K uptake and apparent recovery by the test crops may be used for site-specific nutrient management. The K rates for fertilizer recommendation in wheat and maize in Indo-Gangetic plain need to be revised to take account for the negative K balance in soil.     

腌制叶用芥菜发酵菌分离鉴定及应用研究

为获得发酵性能优良的菌株,生产优质的发酵叶用芥菜,本研究从自然发酵的芥菜中分离发酵用菌株,通过测定乳酸菌的生长、产酸和亚硝酸盐降解能力以及酵母菌的产气、产酯能力和蛋白酶活性等发酵特性进行筛选,并对筛选获得的优良发酵菌加以应用。结果表明,筛选获得的2株乳酸菌L8短乳杆菌(Lactobacillus brevis)、L9植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)和1株酵母菌Y9酿酒酵母菌(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)在腌制叶用芥菜中的发酵性能优良。与自然发酵的叶用芥菜相比,接菌发酵叶用芥菜的pH值和亚硝酸盐含量分别减少了2.22%和88.13%;总酸含量、氨基酸态氮含量分别增加了9.02%和28.09%。接菌发酵提高了腌制芥菜的营养品质和安全性。本研究丰富了叶用芥菜的发酵菌种,为蔬菜发酵加工产业奠定了技术基础。     

Diversified cropping systems in semiarid Montana: Nitrogen use during drought

Improved nitrogen use efficiency would be beneficial to agroecosystem sustainability in the northern Great Plains of the USA. The most common rotation in the northern Great Plains is fallow–spring wheat. Tillage during fallow periods controls weeds, which otherwise would use substantial amounts of water and available nitrogen, decreasing the efficiency of fallow. Chemical fallow and zero tillage systems improve soil water conservation, and may improve nitrogen availability to subsequent crops. We conducted a field trial from 1998 through 2003 comparing nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of crops in nine rotations under two tillage systems, conventional and no-till. All rotations included spring wheat, two rotations included field pea, while lentil, chickpea, yellow mustard, sunflower, and safflower were present in single rotations with wheat. Growing season precipitation was below average in 3 of 4 years, resulting in substantial drought stress to crops not following fallow. In general, rotation had a greater influence on spring wheat nitrogen accumulation and use efficiency than did tillage system. Spring wheat following fallow had substantially higher N accumulation in seed and biomass, N harvest index, and superior nitrogen use efficiency than wheat following pea, lentil, chickpea, yellow mustard, or wheat. Preplant nitrate-N varied widely among years and rotations, but overall, conventional tillage resulted in 9 kg ha⁻¹ more nitrate-N (0–60 cm) for spring wheat than did zero tillage. However, zero tillage spring wheat averaged 11 kg ha⁻¹ more N in biomass than wheat in conventional tillage. Nitrogen accumulation in pea seed, 45 kg ha⁻¹, was superior to that of all alternate crops and spring wheat, 17 and 23 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. Chickpea, lentil, yellow mustard, safflower, and sunflower did not perform well and were not adapted to this region during periods of below average precipitation. During periods of drought, field pea and wheat following fallow had greater nitrogen use efficiency than recropped wheat or other pulse and oilseed crops.     

Intra‐specific variation for salt tolerance in a potential oil‐seed crop,brown mustard (Brassica juncea (l.) Czern. and Coss.)

Thirty eight accessions of brown mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. and Coss.) were screened after two weeks growth in solution culture containing 120 mol m‐³ NaCl. Considerable variation for salt tolerance was observed in this set of germplasm, since some accessions showed relatively vigorous growth in saline medium.

In order to determine the consistency of degree of salt tolerance at different growth stages of crop life cycle two salt tolerant accessions, P‐15 and KS‐51 and two salt sensitive 85362 and 85605 were tested at the adult stage in 0(control), 100 and 200 mol m^‐3 NaCl. Both the tolerant accessions produced significantly greater fresh and dry biomass and had considerably higher seed yield than those of the salt sensitive accessions. Analysis of different ions in the leaves showed that salt tolerant accessions contained greater amounts of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ than the salt sensitive accessions, although they did not differ significantly for leaf Cl^‐. Only one salt tolerant accession P‐15 had greater leaf K/Na ratio and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity compared with the tolerant KS‐51 and the two salt sensitive accessions.

From this study it was established that there is a considerable variation for salt tolerance in B.juncea which can be exploited by selection and breeding for improvement of its salt tolerance. Since the degree of salt tolerance in B.juncea does not change at different growth stages of the crop life cycle, selection for salt tolerance at the initial growth stages could provide individuals that would be tolerant at all other growth stages. Accumulation of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves are important components of salt tolerance in B.juncea.     

Influence of Soil Moisture on Growth, Water Use and Yield of Mustard

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of soil moisture on growth, water use and yield of mustard ( Brassica juncea L. cv. Rai 5 ). Two soil moisture regimes were rainfed and irrigated at 10 days interval throughout the growing season. The total amount of water received as irrigation was 110 mm and as rainfall was 15 mm. Total dry matter per unit ground area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were increased and leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were decreased by irrigation. Chlorophyll content and relative leaf water content (RLWC) were increased by irrigation, but proline content was greater in the rainfed crop at both the flowering and pod-filling stages. Time taken to first flowering, duration of flowering, number of seeds/pod and harvest index were unaffected by irrigation. Plant height at harvest, number of pods/plant, seed yield and oil content of seeds were increased and 1000-seed weight was decreased by irrigation. The consumptive use of water increased with an increase in water supply, but the water use efficiency (WUE) was decreased.     

Modelling regional level spatial distribution of aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) growth in Indian mustard using satellite-based remote sensing data

Abstract

We developed a procedure for preparing a model for mapping spatially distributed zones of aphid pest (Lipaphis erysimi) outbreaks at a regional level. This study employed near-surface meteorological parameters derived from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Television and Infra-Red Operational Satellites (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) data and field observations of disease infestation. The study area comprised three sites representing semi-arid and sub-humid regions of dominant Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.)-growing regions of India. A model based on TOVS-derived cumulative surface air temperature and minimum specific humidity (SpH) was developed to estimate the date of ‘aphid onset’ (first appearance), date of peak infestation and location of severity with respect to aphid population density. Aphid population growth rate during the linear growth phase between aphid onset to peak was computed using SpH-weighted temperature and dates of sowing of the crop (crop age). Sowing dates of mustard crop, of northwest India, were obtained from spectral growth profiles derived from time series remote sensing (RS) products of the SPOT-4 VEGETATION sensor. Estimated dates of peak aphid infestation and peak population showed a strong match with the observed data. The location of peak aphid population density was depicted in each spatial grid of 25×25 km² for parts of northwest India. The simulated aphid population build-up and date of peak population density was validated with observed data for an unknown site in the Sriganganager district, Rajasthan state, India. Comparison of predicted dates of attaining peak aphid population with observations showed a deviation of ±7 days. After validation, the regional level model was applied over a large area of a mustard-growing region for varying dates of sowing, surface air temperature and specific humidity, to show the spatial distribution of aphid growing severity zones (population density) and to predict dates of severe aphid infestation (peak population) at each grid level in the region.     

不同保鲜剂对芥蓝保鲜效果及营养品质的影响

以中花介蓝为材料，研究了不同保鲜剂对其保鲜效果和营养品质的影响，经表表明：在低温和自发气调的贮存方式,自制保鲜剂的保鲜效果最好,在30d的保鲜过程中，自制保鲜剂处理的芥蓝，可溶性蛋白含量，叶绿素含量，可溶性糖含量，维生素C含量下降都是最慢的。     

花椰菜—黑芥体细胞杂种的性状演变和对黑腐病抗性的转育

以对黑腐病(Black rot)感病的花椰菜(Brassica oleracea L.var.botrytis L.,2n=18,CC)‘Korso’和抗病的黑芥(B.nigra,black mustard,2n=16,BB)‘G1/1’的体细胞杂种(简称PFCN,protoplast fusion of cauliflower and Brassica nigra)高代自交及回交后代为材料,根据表型特征将其分为4大类:性状介于花椰菜和黑芥之间的中间型材料(M)、向花椰菜过渡的过渡型(M-K)、偏花椰菜型(-K)和花椰菜型(K)。连续5年的黑腐病人工接种鉴定结果显示:‘Korso’的病情指数在44~57之间,表现为耐病到感病;‘G1/1’在12~32之间,表现为抗病,从M、M-K、-K至K型,杂种后代病情指数总体上呈逐渐升高的趋势,其中M型和M-K型材料表现为高抗至抗病,-K型材料表现为抗病至耐病,K型材料表现为耐病。对2014年的15份典型-K至K型材料进行了形态演变及黑腐病抗性变化追溯:总体上,偏花椰菜的形态转变发生在S1BC4、S5、S1BC3和BC3(S为自交,BC为回交)世代中,伴随着形态的转变,黑腐病病情指数急剧升高;同一年中来源相同或者相近的株系病情指数相差不多。2015年进一步对2014年25个单株的自交后代进行黑腐病抗病性跟踪鉴定:整体上病情指数呈下降趋势,仅少数株系表现上升;来源相同的衍生株系变化趋势几乎一致,且差异不大,说明这些材料系内对黑腐病抗病性逐年趋于稳定。目前获得了6份相对于受体亲本‘Korso’表现出了对黑腐病抗性显著提高的材料:PFCN14-15-4.1、PFCN14-15-5.1、PFCN14-29-1.1和PFCN14-29-1.2,连续3年病情指数呈下降趋势,并最终稳定在30左右;PFCN14-14-1.1和PFCN14-14-1.2则连续6年保持在20~38之间。     

淮安大头菜的种质来源及考订

对淮安市的一种腌菜特产——大头菜的种质资源来源进行全方面考订,其中常见的"本大头菜"、历史与传说中的"大头菜"、"洋大头菜"的种源分别为淮安大五缨大头菜和清江小五缨大头菜、芜菁、芜菁甘蓝,其中淮安大五缨大头菜和清江小五缨大头菜是在明代或明代以后从根芥中分化出来的;在明代中叶之后,根芥逐渐取代了蔓菁作为腌制大头菜的主要来源;腌制大头菜的鲜菜来源使用最多的可能是芜菁甘蓝,即俗称的"洋大头菜",而芜菁甘蓝何时传入淮安目前还不清楚,但其种植比浙江、苏南一些地区都要早。并对大头菜的加工及发展历史进行介绍,这对大头菜新品种的培育及其产业发展具有积极意义。