循化县植被类型及分布

根据遥感影像TM数据信息及其文献资料,结合野外验证研究循化县植被类型及其分布。结果表明循化县共有森林、灌丛、草原、荒漠、草甸5个植被型组,20个植被群系;并且植被垂直分布明显。     

河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能预测方程的建立

本试验采用化学分析和肉鸡代谢试验建立了河南省小麦养分含量与代谢能的回归方程。试验1:选取河南省11种不同的成熟小麦,测定概略养分含量和容重,分析养分含量变化范围。试验2:用小麦、次粉、麸皮、面粉按照总戊聚糖含量梯度配制人工小麦,再添加一定量的维生素和矿物质,配制成人工小麦代谢饲粮。选取常规饲养的商品代罗斯308雄性白羽肉鸡进行代谢试验,分别在11~13日龄和25~27日龄,用全收粪法测定人工小麦代谢饲粮的表观代谢能(AME)、真代谢能(TME)、氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)和氮校正真代谢能(TMEn),并采用逐步回归法建立AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的回归方程。结果表明:1)河南省小麦粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及总磷(TP)含量的变异系数相对较大,分别为16.67%、15.84%、14.96%、19.32%。2)肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮的养分表观代谢率在11~13日龄和25~27日龄存在差异,25~27日龄肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮ADF、粗纤维(CF)的表观代谢率高于11~13日龄,AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn也高于11~13日龄。3)采用逐步回归法建立河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能的预测方程为:11~13日龄,AME=14.628-0.184NDF(R2=0.842,P<0.01),TME=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01),AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF(R2=0.847,P<0.01),TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01);25~27日龄,AME=15.462-0.217NDF(R2=0.797,P<0.01),TME=16.124-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01),AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF(R2=0.801,P<0.01),TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01)。4)通过预测方程计算所得人工小麦代谢饲粮AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的预测值与实测值很接近,计算所得的河南省小麦AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn符合预期值。由此得出,不同品种河南省小麦之间EE、NDF、ADF及TP的含量差异相对较大;不同日龄阶段的肉鸡对小麦代谢能存在差异,设计肉鸡饲粮配方时,不同阶段饲粮代谢能应采用对应的代谢能值;低于14日龄的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=14.628-0.184NDF,TME=15.49-0.197NDF,AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF,TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF;14日龄以上的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=15.462-0.217NDF,TME=16.124-0.214NDF,AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF,TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF。     

生长猪大米蛋白消化能、代谢能的评定及预测模型研究

本试验通过采集我国多个地区大米蛋白样品,分析大米蛋白常规成分,测定生长猪消化能(DE)、代谢能(ME),建立大米蛋白常规成分与生长猪DE、ME之间的关系。试验选用体重(33.0±1.3)kg的"杜×长×大"三元杂交健康去势公猪12头,采用2个6×6拉丁方试验设计,包括1种基础饲粮和11种大米蛋白替代15%基础饲粮的试验饲粮。采用全收粪法和套算法结合测定大米蛋白猪DE、ME,并将大米蛋白的常规成分与猪DE、ME进行相关和回归分析,建立大米蛋白猪DE、ME预测模型。结果表明,11种大米蛋白风干基础下猪DE为(18.13±1.12)M J/kg,M E为(16.44±1.59)M J/kg。由此得出,大米蛋白猪DE最佳预测模型(绝干基础)为DE=22.17-0.51NDF(R2=0.50,RSD=0.93),DE=18.58-0.49 CF+0.31 EE(R2=0.70,RSD=0.77);M E最佳预测模型(绝干基础)为ME=21.42-0.74 NDF(R2=0.52,RSD=1.30)。NDF为大米蛋白猪DE、M E最佳预测因子。     

黄土高原带状植被土壤理化性质空间分异特征

为探究带状格局植被对土壤理化性质的影响及在空间上的差异,选取我国黄土高原柠条和山杏两种典型的带状植物篱为研究对象,并对其0~60 cm土层理化性质空间特征进行对比分析,结果表明,(1)柠条植物篱系统内各部位土壤容重、最大持水量、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度差异显著(P<0.05);山杏植物篱系统与梯田土壤毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度差异显著(P<0.05);各部位间土壤水分物理性质因植物篱类型不同而分异明显。(2)两种带状植物篱系统土壤小团聚体(粒径0.25~2.00 mm)和微团聚体(粒径<0.25 mm)各部位分异显著(P<0.05),植物篱对粒径<2.00 mm的水稳性团聚体空间分异产生明显影响。(3)两种带状植物篱土壤砂粒(粒径0.05~2 mm)、粉粒(粒径0.002~0.05 mm)、粘粒(粒径<0.002 mm)含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但植物篱能改变砂粒、粉粒、粘粒的相对组成。(4)柠条植物篱系统内各部位土壤有机质表现为带内(3.57%、Ⅱ级)>带后(3.09%、Ⅱ级)>带间(2.72%、Ⅲ级)>带前(2.64%、Ⅲ级),且各部位间分异明显;山杏植物篱系统土壤有机质表现为带间(1.47%、Ⅳ级)>带内(1.41%、Ⅳ级),分异不明显;不同植物篱类型间有机质分异不同。(5)植物篱土壤砂粒和水稳性小团聚体与有机质均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);粉粒和粘粒与有机质均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);土壤容重、水稳性大团聚体、微团聚体均与土壤有机质无明显相关关系。     

"黑土型"退化草地人工植被施肥试验研究

采用四因素二次通用回归旋转设计,以产草量为标准对“黑土型”退化草地上人工植被的施肥时间和氮磷钾的用量进行2年定位试验,建立牧草产量函数模型。结果表明,单因素增产效应为施肥当年:氮肥>磷肥>钾肥>施肥时间;第2年:氮肥>磷肥>施肥时间>钾肥。确定“黑土型”退化草地上人工植被的施肥组合方案为施肥时间在分蘖~7月上旬、N:75~130 kg/hm2、P2O5:50.0~112.5 kg/hm2、少施或不施钾肥,可取得较高的产量和经济效益。同时,为获得较高牧草产量,以每2年施肥1次为好。     

Predictive modes of action of pesticides in uterine adenocarcinoma development in rats

Endometrial adenocarcinoma in the uterine corpus is a malignant cancer that occurs in menopausal women and aged rodents. Because of the similarities in pathogenesis and morphology of endometrial adenocarcinoma in rodents and humans, prediction of the modes of action (MOA) in uterine carcinogenesis is important for extrapolation of rodent data to humans. Three MOAs have been accepted as major pathways for uterine carcinogenesis in rodents: 1) estrogenic activity, 2) increased serum 17beta-estradiiol (E2) to progesterone (P4) ratio and 3) modulation of estrogen metabolism to produce 4-hydroxyestradiol via P450 induction. Inhibition of estrogen excretion and increased aromatase in situ in the tumor are also a potential pathway. Here, chemicals showing uterine carcinogenicity were chosen from approximately 300 pesticides evaluated in Japan within the past decade, and their mechanisms were predicted using parameters from mechanistic and toxicity studies. Seven pesticides increased uterine tumor formation in rats, and the pathways of 4 pesticides could be predicted based on various mechanistic studies. The MOAs of cyenopyrafen and benthiavalicarb-isopropyl were predicted to be modulation of estrogen metabolism, while those of pyriminobac-methyl and spirodiclofen were predicted to be increased E2 to P4 ratio. The driven pathways of metazosulfuron and isopyrazam could not be predicted using several mechanistic studies. No mechanistic studies have been reported for sedaxane, which has a chemical structure and toxicological profile similar to isopyrazam. Our results indicated that appropriate mechanistic studies are useful for mechanism prediction in risk assessment. From this analysis, a flowchart showing a decision tree for predictive MOAs in uterine carcinogenesis was proposed.     

甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔秋季栖息地特征

2010年至2014年连续5年对甘南夏河高寒草甸高原鼢鼠(Eospalax bailyei)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的分布与其地形、植被因子等进行了调查,分析两小型哺乳动物秋季越冬前的栖息地利用特征。结果表明,其秋季栖息地利用与地形和植被特征显著相关。高原鼠兔易选择坡地、半阳坡和坡中位的地形,而高原鼢鼠易选择平地、阳坡和坡底位的地形;植被盖度是影响高原鼠兔分布的重要因子。地上生物量非中等的平地是两小哺乳动物共存的主要分布地,两小型哺乳动物的种群动态与植被盖度和生物量均显著相关(P0.05);鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)、花苜蓿(Melissilus ruthenicus)、柴胡(Radix bupleuri)和美丽风毛菊(Saussurea pulchra)4种植物多度与两小型哺乳动物的分布显著相关。     

黄土高原与内蒙古高原草原种子植物区系比较研究

黄土高原草原是中国北方温带草原带的重要组成部分,但黄土高原草原与欧亚地带性草原的关系尚未阐明。本研究将黄土高原地带性草原种子植物区系作为单独的研究对象,建立了黄土高原草原种子植物名录,采用植物地理学的相关理论与方法,对黄土高原草原和内蒙古高原草原植物区系的相似性和地理成分进行了系统的比较分析。结果表明：黄土高原草原与内蒙古高原草原种子植物区系在科属水平上的区系相似度较高,但种水平的区系相似性较低。区系的地理成分有较大差异,且最主要的差异在于黄土高原草原植物区系中东亚成分具有更重要的地位。垂直地带性对黄土高原草原的形成有重要作用,适宜草原发生的环境条件使得黄土高原表现出大面积的温带草原景观,但黄土高原草原应区别于欧亚草原的地带性植被。     

High Throughput Sequencing to Study the Effect of Chronic Renal Failure on the Diversity and Gene Function Prediction of Gut Microbiota in Dogs

This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic renal failure(CRF) on the gut microbiota diversity and predict the gene function of the flora. A total of 30 2-year-old dogs were selected and randomly divided into the chronic renal failure model group (CRF, established by renal artery ligation), sham operation control group (Sham) and healthy control group (HCG). All animals were fed normally during the 56 days of test period. The serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine protein / creatinine ratio (UP/C) were detected regularly during the experiment. The effects of chronic renal failure on the structure, diversity and function of gut microbiota were analyzed according to the result of bacterial 16S rDNA sequencing from fresh feces collected without contamination. The flora markers index (FMI) was constructed based on the principal component Logistic regression analysis of different microbiota in CRF group to predict the development of chronic renal failure. The results showed that: 1) The levels of Scr, BUN and UP/C in CRF group from the start of the 28th day of the experiment were significantly higher than those of HCG group and Sham group (P<0.05), and significantly higher than that of the first day of CRF group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with those before chronic renal failure (CRF group at day 0 and 28), HCG group and Sham group, the Chao 1 diversity and Shannon diversity of gut microbiota in CRF group at day 56 were significantly lower (P<0.05), while the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria significantly increased and the number of Firmicutes significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) LEfSe analysis showed that 20 species were enriched in CRF group, mainly including Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Proteus and so on, and most of them had negative correlation with other intestinal bacteria. Functional prediction revealed that genes of those different species were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, sugar biosynthesis and metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism in CRF group. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of the FMI constructed with those species enriched was 0.788, which could be used as the intestinal microbial marker for CRF in dogs. In summary, chronic renal failure can reduce the diversity of intestinal microbiota, lead to the imbalance of bacterial structure and change of bacterial function. Moreover, the enriched gut microbiota in CRF group can be used as the intestinal microbial marker of CRF in dogs, and the best prediction effect can be obtained by FMI.     

Saving wild tigers: A case study in biodiversity loss and challenges to be met for recovery beyond 2010

Wild tigers are being annihilated. Tiger range countries and their partners met at the 1st Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in January 2010 to mandate the creation of the Global Tiger Recovery Program to double the number of tigers by 2022. Only 3200–3600 wild adult tigers remain, approximately half of the population estimated a decade ago. Tigers now live in only 13 countries, all of which are experiencing severe environmental challenges and degradation from the effects of human population growth, brisk economic expansion, rapid urbanization, massive infrastructure development and climate change. The overarching challenge of tiger conservation, and the conservation of biodiversity generally, is that there is insufficient demand for the survival of wild tigers living in natural landscapes. This allows the criminal activities of poaching wild tigers and their prey and trafficking in tiger derivatives to flourish and tiger landscapes to be diminished. The Global Tiger Recovery Program will support scaling up of practices already proven effective in one or more tiger range countries that need wider policy support, usually resources, and new transnational actions that enhance the effectiveness of individual country actions. The program is built on robust National Tiger Recovery Priorities that are grouped into themes: (i) strengthening policies that protect tigers; (ii) protecting tiger conservation landscapes; (iii) scientific management and monitoring; (iv) engaging communities; (v) cooperative management of international tiger landscapes; (vi) eliminating transnational illegal wildlife trade; (vii) persuading people to stop consuming tiger; (viii) enhancing professional capacity of policy-makers and practitioners; and (ix) developing sustainable, long-term financing mechanisms for tiger and biodiversity conservation.