贵遵高等级公路边坡人工植被状况调查研究

1998－2000年对贵遵高等级公路边坡人工植被调查，从中选出3个最具有代表性的样地进行物种组成和种群数量的动态分析，结果表明：高羊茅20％＋草地早熟禾50％＋黑麦草20％＋南美雀稗10％混播的人工草地为人工草被植物建植失败的例子，主要原因是物种选择不当：高羊茅30％＋草地早熟禾40％＋白三叶20％＋黑麦草10％混播的人工草再配植苗木为林草结合的生物护坡模式，效果较好，但由于草种配比不当，也出现不同程度退化现象；白三叶80％＋狗牙根20％为人工植被建植成功的例子，草种选择和配比都较恰当。     

Grassland bird response to vegetation structural heterogeneity and clearing of invasive bramble

Spatial and temporal patterns of disturbance and the subsequent heterogeneity are critical in maintaining biodiversity within grassland ecosystems. Grassland birds have evolved within this ‘shifting mosaic’ to become reliant on specific habitat characteristics maintained under varying levels of both natural and anthropogenic disturbance. Unfortunately, grasslands in South Africa have been extensively transformed and remain poorly conserved, threatening grassland avifauna. Mistbelt grassland is a threatened vegetation type endemic to the province of KwaZulu-Natal, of which only 0.3% is formally protected. This study investigated seasonal and patch type heterogeneity in a Mistbelt grassland avian community by determining avian community structure and composition in four patch types, i.e. i) untransformed open grassland, ii) burnt grassland, iii) bramble-invaded and, iv) bramble-cleared grassland, during winter and summer. Avian assemblages were significantly different between the different patch types for each season. The bramble patch type negatively affected grassland bird species diversity. Bramble-cleared grassland and untransformed grassland had similar vegetation structure and avian communities in the summer, suggesting that the grassland bird community benefitted soon after the clearing of invasive vegetation. This study provides further evidence that bird diversity is enhanced in structurally heterogeneous grassland landscapes. Furthermore, the protection and appropriate management of privately owned Mistbelt grassland, conserved in the form of rangeland, is an important refuge for threatened and endemic avifauna, such as the globally-threatened blue swallow (Hirundo atrocaerulea) and wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus).     

施肥梯度对甘南高寒草甸植被特征的影响

通过小区控制施肥实验,研究了施肥梯度对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸植被特征的影响.结果表明,1) 施肥使线叶嵩草、波伐早熟禾、垂穗鹅观草等禾草的高度显著增加,异针茅、瑞玲草等非禾草类的高度减少.2) 随着施肥梯度的增大,群落的总密度逐渐下降, 禾草密度在不同施肥梯度下有时增加,有时减少,无一般性规律;而非禾草物种密度一般是减少的.3) 随施肥梯度的增加,地上生物量明显提高,多样性指数逐渐下降.施肥对群落密度、地上生物量和多样性的作用都要在2年以后才表现出明显的规律.     

沙漠化草地的恢复与重建途径

在分析国内外草地沙漠化治理现状的基础上,研究1985-1998年沙化草地的自然恢复与人工恢复,结果表明:自然恢复属于进展演替类型,经历"沙生、一年生植物群落"、"根茎禾草杂类草群落"和"丛生禾草群落"三个演替阶段,最终向地带性植被类型发展;其植被物种组成,覆盖度、产草量均呈增加趋势,土壤有机质增加,表土结构变好;人工恢复的效果显著,播种抗旱、抗风沙型植物,可以快速建成植被覆盖地面,同时生产大量优质牧草,是我国沙化草原恢复重建的一条重要途径.     

Including an additional systematic environmental effect within a generation in an evaluation model improves accuracy of prediction of breeding values in a closed herd of pigs

The present study evaluated the advantage of mixed‐model techniques over a selection index under different magnitudes of an additional systematic environmental effect (ASEE) in terms of accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain. The data attempted to simulate a closed herd in a pig breeding program. The base population (G₀) consisted of 10 males and 50 females. Six generations (G₀ to G₅) were selected by using a selection index of three traits without overlapping. Additional systematic environmental constants with four levels in a generation were assigned from a uniform distribution at different ranges. Breeding values of animals in the last generation (G₅) were estimated on the basis of an index of individual phenotype (SI‐U), SI‐U adjusted for ASEE using a least‐squares mean (SI‐A), best linear unbiased prediction using an animal model excluding ASEE (AM‐E), and an animal model including ASEE (AM‐I). Accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain were larger by the animal model than by the selection index, even if heritability of the traits selected was high and ASEE was set to zero. When ASEE was zero, the accuracy of prediction and expected genetic gain given by SI‐U and AM‐I were similar to those given by SI‐A and AM‐E, respectively. However, the differences in accuracy and expected gain between SI‐U and AI‐A and between AM‐I and AM‐E increased as the range of ASEE increased. It was concluded that selection based on an animal model was more effective than index selection, even if the herd environment was uniform and traits with high heritability were selected, and that it should be always included in an evaluation model, however slight any systematic environmental effect may be in a closed herd.     

放牧对黑麦草＋白三叶混播草地植被构成的作用

通过4个放牧强度（轻牧、适牧、重牧和过牧,牧后草层高度分别为7.5、5.5、3.5和<2.0 cm）的轮牧试验,对黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、白三叶(Trifolium repens)混播草地土壤化学特性;黑麦草分蘖和白三叶匍匐茎、叶片数及其茎叶构成,牧草高度、生物量与植被构成进行系统研究。结果表明,土壤速效养分含量对放牧强度响应较大,稳定性较弱。随放牧强度的增加,黑麦草分蘖密度和叶片生物量显著增加,黑麦草分蘖质量和白三叶匍匐茎密度及牧草高度和生物量显著下降;黑麦草叶片数,白三叶叶片数、茎叶比和匍匐茎质量在放牧强度间无显著变化。放牧强度在降低黑麦草和白三叶生长特性整齐度的同时,增加其可塑性生长;黑麦草对放牧强度的响应比白三叶敏感,但白三叶的可塑性生长比黑麦草的高。鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）和非播种植物种的生长特性在放牧强度内变异系数较大。综合分析认为,放牧对草地植被的作用体现于植物个体、种群和群落3个水平,播种的低组分禾草（鸭茅）和非播种禾草是混播草地植被构成变化的关键种。     

循化县植被类型及分布

根据遥感影像TM数据信息及其文献资料,结合野外验证研究循化县植被类型及其分布。结果表明循化县共有森林、灌丛、草原、荒漠、草甸5个植被型组,20个植被群系;并且植被垂直分布明显。     

黄土高原带状植被土壤理化性质空间分异特征

为探究带状格局植被对土壤理化性质的影响及在空间上的差异,选取我国黄土高原柠条和山杏两种典型的带状植物篱为研究对象,并对其0~60 cm土层理化性质空间特征进行对比分析,结果表明,(1)柠条植物篱系统内各部位土壤容重、最大持水量、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度差异显著(P<0.05);山杏植物篱系统与梯田土壤毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度差异显著(P<0.05);各部位间土壤水分物理性质因植物篱类型不同而分异明显。(2)两种带状植物篱系统土壤小团聚体(粒径0.25~2.00 mm)和微团聚体(粒径<0.25 mm)各部位分异显著(P<0.05),植物篱对粒径<2.00 mm的水稳性团聚体空间分异产生明显影响。(3)两种带状植物篱土壤砂粒(粒径0.05~2 mm)、粉粒(粒径0.002~0.05 mm)、粘粒(粒径<0.002 mm)含量差异均不显著(P>0.05),但植物篱能改变砂粒、粉粒、粘粒的相对组成。(4)柠条植物篱系统内各部位土壤有机质表现为带内(3.57%、Ⅱ级)>带后(3.09%、Ⅱ级)>带间(2.72%、Ⅲ级)>带前(2.64%、Ⅲ级),且各部位间分异明显;山杏植物篱系统土壤有机质表现为带间(1.47%、Ⅳ级)>带内(1.41%、Ⅳ级),分异不明显;不同植物篱类型间有机质分异不同。(5)植物篱土壤砂粒和水稳性小团聚体与有机质均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);粉粒和粘粒与有机质均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05);土壤容重、水稳性大团聚体、微团聚体均与土壤有机质无明显相关关系。     

Saving wild tigers: A case study in biodiversity loss and challenges to be met for recovery beyond 2010

Wild tigers are being annihilated. Tiger range countries and their partners met at the 1st Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in January 2010 to mandate the creation of the Global Tiger Recovery Program to double the number of tigers by 2022. Only 3200–3600 wild adult tigers remain, approximately half of the population estimated a decade ago. Tigers now live in only 13 countries, all of which are experiencing severe environmental challenges and degradation from the effects of human population growth, brisk economic expansion, rapid urbanization, massive infrastructure development and climate change. The overarching challenge of tiger conservation, and the conservation of biodiversity generally, is that there is insufficient demand for the survival of wild tigers living in natural landscapes. This allows the criminal activities of poaching wild tigers and their prey and trafficking in tiger derivatives to flourish and tiger landscapes to be diminished. The Global Tiger Recovery Program will support scaling up of practices already proven effective in one or more tiger range countries that need wider policy support, usually resources, and new transnational actions that enhance the effectiveness of individual country actions. The program is built on robust National Tiger Recovery Priorities that are grouped into themes: (i) strengthening policies that protect tigers; (ii) protecting tiger conservation landscapes; (iii) scientific management and monitoring; (iv) engaging communities; (v) cooperative management of international tiger landscapes; (vi) eliminating transnational illegal wildlife trade; (vii) persuading people to stop consuming tiger; (viii) enhancing professional capacity of policy-makers and practitioners; and (ix) developing sustainable, long-term financing mechanisms for tiger and biodiversity conservation.     

Predictive equations of selenium accessibility of dry pet foods

The trace element selenium is essential to both dogs and cats. Dry diets are formulated with a large range of ingredients, which may vary in selenium concentration and accessibility. This paper reports equations to predict the average in vitro selenium accessibility from dry pet foods based on essential dietary nutrient concentrations, including crude protein, amino acids and crude fat. Predictive equations were made using stepwise linear regression for extruded and pelleted diets. The equations can be used to aid diet formulation to optimize selenium accessibility within the diet and to prevent selenium deficiency or toxicity.