The cultural landscape of Sintra,a UNESCO World Heritage Site—The balance between forest restoration and carbon stock

Sintra’s Cultural Landscape is a World Heritage Site and was the first cultural landscape to be listed in Europe by UNESCO, in 1995. It is a privileged ecosystem with natural and cultural value classified as priorities for conservation. Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua is a state-owned company established to restore, maintain and promote the public properties in the World Heritage Site. The forest assumes an important role in Sintra’s Cultural Landscape with the gradual removal of undesirable species and their replacement with multiple native tree species as one of the goals of forest management. Two aspects should be considered by the forest manager: opposing public opinion in terms of cutting dominant trees, most of the time linked with childhood memories and feelings, and its impact on the ecosystem’s carbon stock. Removal and replacement of trees is part of the management of cultural landscapes and concerns like carbon stock and biomass losses cannot be priorities of the forest manager. This work evaluates the carbon stock balance obtained in a 20 ha forest by the removal of undesirable tree species and their replacement by native species. Twenty six inventory plots were measured and carbon stock was estimated to define the baseline of the study. Age-independent individual tree diameter equations, species specific height-diameter equations, and biomass allometric tree equations were used to estimate carbon in a 30-year horizon. Three management scenarios were considered. The results show that, after 30 years, the contribution of the native species to the carbon stock is small compared with the baseline carbon values, compensating only 30% of the carbon losses associated to forest restoration. Conflict management in a context of Cultural Landscape Forest is discussed.     

高校校园人文景观构建研究——以浙江省高校为例

介绍了校园人文景观的内涵,在阐述构建校园人文景观指导思想的基础上,以浙江省高校为例,提出了如何构建校园人文景观。     

人工瀑布的设计探讨

首先介绍了人工瀑布的形成、分类和作用。然后,以人工瀑布的设计原则为指导思想,结合工作实际案例,详细探讨了人工瀑布的设计要点和设计装饰。最后,重点论述了人工瀑布在未来道路上的发展趋势,并针对目前人工瀑布在设计方面的局限提出了一些解决方法,在未来景观设计中努力创造出更多师法自然的人工瀑布。     

观赏果树在宝鸡城市园林的规划展望

将观赏果树应用到城市园林,以宝鸡市为规划对象,根据《宝鸡市城市园林绿地系统规划(2005～2020)》为规划基础,依据景观生态学原理提出优化城市景观规划,打造宝鸡山花烂漫的桃园生态城市。选取部分代表性的绿地、公园、道路做景观优化设计,提出设计思路及设计方案,并用效果图片说明效果。     

传统理水手法在湘湖景观绿化工程中的应用

我国传统理水有着独特的设计构思手法,对现代设计具有借鉴价值。从分析中国传统园林理水手法入手,结合湘湖景观绿化工程项目,初步探索中国传统理水理念手法在现代城市公园设计中的应用。     

植物文化内涵在园林景观中的应用

植物的文化内涵就是植物被赋予的某些象征意义及情感寄托。该研究在归纳传统文化中植物内涵的基础上,探讨植物文化内涵在园林景观中与建筑、山石、水体等其他要素的融合,以及在不同景点和环境中如何通过植物配置充分体现园林植物的文化内涵,以期为以后园林规划设计中植物文化内涵的充分彰显提供理论支持。     

上海西藏路（北京路-中山南路）景观改造设计

从项目背景、设计构思、设计原则等方面介绍了上海西藏路（北京路—中山南路）景观改造设计。重点对道路点、线、面景观设计进行了论述,积累了道路景观改造的设计经验。 更多还原     

园林建筑小品与构景要素配置研究

从园林建筑小品的基本要素入手,探讨了各种景观场景中的园林建筑小品与植物、石、水、环境等的搭配艺术,旨在为城市园林规划提供有益的参考。     

风景名胜区景观评价方法探析

以风景名胜区景观评价方法为主要研究内容,主要对景观影响评价方法和景观资源评价方法进行了具体研究,讨论了评价方法存在的问题,并提出了合理建议。     

Proportions of bird damage in tree fruits are higher in low-fruit-abundance contexts

Frugivorous birds impose significant costs on tree fruit growers through direct consumption of fruit and grower efforts to manage birds. We documented factors that influenced tree fruit bird damage from 2012 through 2014 with a coordinated field study in Michigan, New York, and Washington. For sweet cherries, percent bird damage was higher in 2012 compared to 2013 and 2014, in Michigan and New York compared to Washington, and in blocks with more edges adjacent to non-sweet cherry land-cover types. These patterns appeared to be associated with fruit abundance patterns; 2012 was a particularly low-yield year for tree fruits in Michigan and New York and percent bird damage was high. In addition, percent bird damage to sweet and tart cherries in Michigan was higher in landscapes with low to moderate forest cover compared to higher forest cover landscapes. 'Honeycrisp' apple blocks under utility wires were marginally more likely to have greater bird damage compared to blocks without wires. We recommend growers prepare bird management plans that consider the spatial distribution of fruit and non-fruit areas of the farm. Growers should generally expect to invest more in bird management in low-yield years, in blocks isolated from other blocks of the same crop, and in blocks where trees can provide entry to the crop for frugivorous birds.