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941.
注重文化内蕴的挖掘与传承,通过现代化的居住区建筑与园林环境艺术的结合来表现历史文化的延续性,营造一个贴近自然,归属领域良好的优美居住环境。 相似文献
942.
在园林的地方立法方面,北京市进行了大量的实践活动。本文通过探讨北京立法过程中的成功经验、存在的问题和对策,提出城市园林法规建设应逐步法制化、系统化,通过改进和完善北京现有园林法规体系,为北京城市园林绿化建设提供全面的法律制度保障。 相似文献
943.
南宁市被动式节能庭园景观设计的探讨 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
综合南宁市的气候特征和南宁市庭园设计的现状,从被动式庭园设计分析、设计构思等方面探讨夏热冬暖地区节能式庭园景观设计的关键技术,并讨论了推进南宁市被动式节能庭园景观设计实施的措施. 相似文献
944.
总结了高校新校区绿化工程建设的经验和教训,概述了河南大学新校区绿化工程现状及存在的问题,提出了改善校区绿化工程的建议. 相似文献
945.
通过惠州大道的绿化景观设计,从设计构思、设计手法、生态功能、景观效果等方面阐述道路绿化景观设计中应注意的基本问题。 相似文献
946.
There is a pan-European interest in increasing the amount of woodland cover, particularly in areas close to urban populations. However, in the enthusiasm for planting trees, is enough forethought given to visual aspects of woodland stand interiors? This paper conceptualises and assesses visual aspects of planting designs and silvicultural principles across three contemporary forest management paradigms: the commercial, the nature-based, and the urban paradigm. Planting design models and silvicultural treatments were conceptualised from a review combined with case studies. Using profile diagrams, we made visual representations of planting design and stand development, as basis for ‘expert’ assessment of four visual criteria: scale, diversity, naturalness and visual accessibility. The assessment was done for the young stage (0–25 years) and the mature stage (50–90 years) separately, using a qualitative three-step scale: limited, medium, and extended. Seven different planting design models were identified. Three of these originate from the urban paradigm: the seed source model, the density gradient model, and the habitat model. Another three originate from the nature-based paradigm: the natural succession model, the nature-based shortcut model, and the direct approach model. Only one model originates from the commercial paradigm: the monoculture model. The assessment showed that visual aspects vary considerably between planting designs and silvicultural systems. The monoculture model offers the splendour of the mature pillar hall with free views and movements, however, necessitating an obvious plantation stage in its youth. In contrast, models utilising succession and variation in species, age and tree spacing offers an extended experience of diversity and naturalness – even in the young stages. These visual qualities are discussed in relation to future perspectives for urban afforestation across urban woodland zones. 相似文献
947.
An ecological classification of forest landscape simulation models: tools and strategies for understanding broad-scale forested ecosystems 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
Computer models are increasingly being used by forest ecologists and managers to simulate long-term forest landscape change.
We review models of forest landscape change from an ecological rather than methodological perspective. We developed a classification
based on the representation of three ecological criteria: spatial interactions, tree species community dynamics, and ecosystem
processes. Spatial interactions are processes that spread across a landscape and depend upon spatial context and landscape
configuration. Communities of tree species may change over time or can be defined a priori. Ecosystem process representation
may range from no representation to a highly mechanistic, detailed representation. Our classification highlights the implicit
assumptions of each model group and helps define the problem set for which each model group is most appropriate. We also provide
a brief history of forest landscape simulation models, summarize the current trends in methods, and consider how forest landscape
models may evolve and continue to contribute to forest ecology and management. Our classification and review can provide novice
modelers with the ecological context for understanding or choosing an appropriate model for their specific hypotheses. In
addition, our review clarifies the challenges and opportunities that confront practicing model users and model developers. 相似文献
948.
Modelling the impact of agricultural abandonment and wildfires on vertebrate diversity in Mediterranean Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Agricultural land abandonment, widespread in the Mediterranean, is leading to a recovery of scrubland and forests which are
replacing open habitats and increasing wildfire events. Using published data, we modelled the global and regional impact of
abandonment and wildfires on 554 species of terrestrial vertebrates occurring in Mediterranean Europe. For all groups except
amphibians, open habitats or farmland sustained higher species richness. Open habitats showed regional differences in their
conservation value, western areas being particularly important for birds and amphibians and eastern areas for reptiles. Scrublands
hosted fewer species than open habitats, farmland and forest, but sustained several endemic birds and mammals. The greater
species richness of forests was mostly due to species widespread in Europe. Wildfires promote scrubland expansion in detriment
of forest; because more species are associated to eastern forests, fire is predicted to affect more seriously this region.
Scrubland conservation value was found to be highest in the west, where fire might have a positive impact. Fire regime, however,
plays a crucial role. Although large fires have a negative impact, small-scale fires may favour biodiversity in abandoned
areas. Due to the intrinsic difficulty in managing abandoned land to preserve the original Mediterranean vertebrate diversity,
the best option to achieve this goal is the development of policies designed to make farmers and traditional farmland survive. 相似文献
949.
This collaborative essay grows out of a debate about the relationship between aesthetics and ecology and the possibility of
an “ecological aesthetic” that affects landscape planning, design, and management. We describe our common understandings and
unresolved questions about this relationship, including the importance of aesthetics in understanding and affecting landscape
change and the ways in which aesthetics and ecology may have either complementary or contradictory implications for a landscape.
To help understand these issues, we first outline a conceptual model of the aesthetics–ecology relationship. We posit that:
1. While human and environmental phenomena occur at widely varying scales, humans engage with environmental phenomena at a
particular scale: that of human experience of our landscape surroundings. That is the human “perceptible realm.”
2. Interactions within this realm give rise to aesthetic experiences, which can lead to changes affecting humans and the landscape,
and thus ecosystems.
3. Context affects aesthetic experience of landscapes. Context includes both effects of different landscape types (wild, agricultural,
cultural, and metropolitan landscapes) and effects of different personal–social situational activities or concerns. We argue
that some contexts elicit aesthetic experiences that have traditionally been called “scenic beauty,” while other contexts
elicit different aesthetic experiences, such as perceived care, attachment, and identity.
Last, we discuss how interventions through landscape planning, design, and management; or through enhanced knowledge might
establish desirable relationships between aesthetics and ecology, and we examine the controversial characteristics of such
ecological aesthetics. While these interventions may help sustain beneficial landscape patterns and practices, they are inherently
normative, and we consider their ethical implications. 相似文献
950.
Habitat loss and fragmentation of natural and semi-natural habitats are considered as major threats to plant species richness.
Recently several studies have pinpointed the need to analyse past landscape patterns to understand effects of fragmentation,
as the response to landscape change may be slow in many organisms, plants in particular. We compared species richness in continuously
grazed and abandoned grasslands in different commonplace rural landscapes in Sweden, and analysed effects of isolation and
area in three time-steps (100 and 50 years ago and today). Old cadastral maps and aerial photographs were used to analyse
past and present landscape patterns in 25 sites. Two plant diversity measures were investigated; total species richness and
species density. During the last 100 years grassland area and connectivity have been reduced by about 90%. Present-day habitat
area was positively related to total species richness in both habitats. There was also a relationship to habitat area 50 years
ago for continuously grazed grasslands. Only present management was related to species density: continuously grazed grasslands
had the highest species density. There were no relationships between grassland connectivity, present or past, and any diversity
measure. We conclude that landscape history is not directly important for present-day plant diversity patterns in ordinary
landscapes, although past grassland management is a prerequisite for the grassland habitats that can be found there today.
It is important that studies are conducted, not only in very diverse landscapes, but also in managed landscapes in order to
assess the effects of fragmentation on species. 相似文献