中华红叶杨及其应用

简要介绍了彩叶植物中华红叶杨的生物学特性、繁殖技术及在园林中的应用,以期为中华红叶杨的生产与推广提供技术参考。     

The incorporation of environmentally derived 87Sr/86Sr and Sr/Ca in early otolith formation of Chinook salmon

Effective species management often requires understanding patterns of movement and habitat use. A common approach in identifying where individuals reside relies upon chemical tracers from the environment that are incorporated into an individual's tissues. For fish, isotopes in their otoliths, specifically the portion of their otolith formed during their larval stage, have been used to identify the natal origin. Complicating this work, however, is the fact that during this life stage, there is a shift in the source of isotopes deposited onto the growing otolith from maternally to environmentally derived. The objective of this study was to identify the portion of the otolith representing this transition to environmentally derived isotopes so as to accurately investigate questions of natal origin for a threatened population of fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). We exposed developing larvae to four treatments that differed in terms of their water strontium isotope ratio (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and used change-point analysis of otolith ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and strontium to calcium ratio (Sr/Ca) to identify the otolith radius corresponding to the transition to environmentally derived isotopes. Our results indicated this transition occurred, on average, at 132 μm (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr; ±50 μm standard deviation) and 127 μm (Sr/Ca; ±29 μm) from the otolith core, which corresponded to the developmental time between hatching and exogenous feeding. A substantial proportion of our otoliths (i.e., 61%) did not show convergence between otolith and water ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr by the end of the 113-day experiment, which was likely due to the dietary contribution of marine-based feed. Therefore, we were unable to recommend an otolith radius to target for the purposes of reconstructing natal origin apart from being beyond approximately 130 μm.     

水流作用下重力式网箱浮架结构的动力响应研究

近年来深水网箱养殖设施得到了广泛的应用,浮架作为网箱结构的重要组成部分,其安全性对网箱的设计至关重要。基于有限单元法采用SHELL单元建立了浮架结构的荷载-变形数值模型,对水流作用下浮架的应力和变形进行了数值模拟,并开展物理模型试验对该数值模型进行验证。结果表明,该数值模型可以准确模拟浮架的变形,采用该数值模型,分析了不同流速条件下浮架的变形和应力,数值模拟结果显示:随着流速的增加,浮架的变形和应力逐渐增加。相同流速条件下,注水下潜后,浮架的应力和变形能够显著减小;因此,在强流条件下,可以采用浮架注水的方式,使浮架处于下潜状态,以改善浮架结构的变形和应力分布。     

苏州地区泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅肌肉微量元素含量比较

为了评价泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅营养与食品安全性,采用电感耦合等离子体一原子发射光谱法（ICP—AES）对苏州地区泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅肌肉组织中的K、Ca、Na、Mg,P、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、Se、Cr、Pb、Cd、As14种元素含量进行测定与分析。结果显示：泥鳅与大鳞副泥鳅肌肉组织中均富含K、Ca、Na、Mg、P等常量元素,并含有人体所必需的Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn等微量元素,As未检测出,Cd、Pb的含量均低于国家限量标准。     

Otolith elemental characteristics of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) from brackish waters of the Gulf of Bothnia,Baltic Sea

To investigate whether European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) groups in the brackish (≤7%) Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea) express specific otolith elemental characteristics, concentrations of elements (Ca, Ba, Sr, Zn, Mn, Fe) in whole otoliths were studied by inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry. Whitefish (N = 67) were sampled from six different latitudinal sites; four in the sea and two in rivers along the west coast of Finland, and from a fresh water lake for comparison. The concentration of several elements showed significant differences among sampling sites. Otolith Ba concentrations were higher at the northern sampling sites compared to the southern ones, thereby showing negative association to capture‐habitat salinity. In contrast, otolith Sr and Zn concentrations were lower at the northern sampling sites, thereby associating positively to capture‐habitat salinity. Otolith Mn concentrations did not associate with latitude or salinity but markedly varied between sampling sites. Elevated Fe concentrations occurred in fish otoliths from the two northernmost sites. Ca concentrations were at the same levels in otoliths from all whitefish samples. Otoliths of whitefish from the lake had very high Ba and low Sr concentrations compared to concentrations in otoliths from whitefish in the sea and rivers. Our results show that otolith elemental characteristics of whitefish vary considerably at various geographic scales showing high potential for population identification using elemental fingerprints. Analysis of otolith elemental characteristics may therefore provide an efficient tool for the identification of main areas of residence, spawning locations, and migration routes, thus contributing towards the sustainable management of whitefish stocks.     

基于离散元法的板结草地破土切根刀优化设计与试验

不同结构形式的破土切根刀作业性能差异较大,为更好的打破草地土壤板结结构,对破土切根刀进行了结构设计与参数优化。应用离散元法构建土壤模型,并通过直剪试验对该模型进行参数标定;以破土切根刀的刃口角、滑切角及切齿角为试验因素,以耕作阻力、土壤扰动失效面积及比阻为目标参数,进行单因素试验和三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,得到最优结构参数组合并加工优化破土切根刀进行草地试验。参数优化试验结果显示,当刃口角为37.8°、滑切角为33.6°、切齿角为51.8°时,破土切根刀作业效果最佳;草地试验表明,与三角形破土切根刀相比,优化破土切根刀在不同坚实度草地土壤的减阻率分别为11.8%和12.8%,作业后地表平整度更小且未出现明显翻垡,更符合草地作业农艺要求。研究结果可为破土切根刀的标准化设计提供理论依据。     

厦门城市绿地生态系统景观结构与异质性分析

对厦门城区绿地生态系统景观结构和异质性进行分析的结果表明：在厦门城区绿地生态系统中，单位绿地斑块最多，占城区绿地系统总斑块数的32％，而居住区所占面积较少，但斑块数却占总斑块数的28％。风景林地的斑块数最小，仅为1.3％，但其面积却在城区绿地系统中占的比例最大，达32．2％。公共绿地景观斑块不多，只占12％，而绿地面积较大，占总面积的24．6％。厦门本岛城市绿地景观多样性指数为1.243，绿地整体的多样性指数较低；景观优势度为0．914，均匀度为0.642，整体绿地景观格局分布不均匀，存在看少数绿地景观控制着整个绿地格局；绿地廊道密度为0.549，分布密度较低，不能很好地发挥生态防护功能。同时，根据分析结果提出了相应的对策和建议．     

行间深松机的深松铲设计及有限元分析

深松耕法是一种新的土壤耕作方法,其有打破犁底层,加深耕作层,改善耕层结构、提高土壤蓄水保墒、抗旱耐涝的作用。针对东北地区常年作业土壤耕层较浅、土壤板结的问题,设计了一种行间深松机,并运用Solid Works软件对其深松铲进行三维建模。同时,运用ANSYS Workbench软件对深松铲进行有限元分析,主要包括静力分析、模态分析、等效应力和全位移分析。结果表明:深松铲的应力主要集中在铲柄与机架连接的位置,而且最大应力为38.72MPa;模态分析表明:振动频率间隔较大且不会发生共振。研究成果为深松铲的改进设计提供了参考。     

农业活动对景观格局的影响

景观格局是自然和人类共同作用的结果,并随着经济发展和人口增长,农业活动在景观格局中起着愈来愈大的作用。放牧过程导致土壤退化和生物群落的不稳定,间歇式放牧会提高物种丰富度,促进生态系统的进化;植树造林不但有利于生态恢复和重建,而且对经济建设有巨大作用,更是保护生物多样性的手段;农作物种植包括物理干扰和化学干扰过程,改变了微生物的活性,同时对土壤性质产生影响;土地整理是人为的、强制性、时效性强的一种干扰,能在短期内对生态系统及景观格局产生剧烈影响,通过调整景观结构、改善景观破碎化,改变农业土地利用结构,使得社会效益、生态效益和环境效益均有所增加     

西拉木伦河流域地表沉积物粒度、化学元素分布特征

通过对内蒙古西拉木伦河流域沉积物的采样分析,结果表明:西拉木伦河地表沉积物的粒度组成以63~250μm粒径为主,粒度特征表现出一定的风成特点;化学组成以Si、Al为主,与上陆壳平均化学组成相比,除Si O_2、Co、As Ni、Ba、Ce等元素外,均处于不同程度的亏损;不同河段沉积物粒度参数、化学元素的分布具有一定相似性,且化学元素含量之间存在高度的相关性,均表明其具有相似的的物源;不同河段A-CN-K图解及CIA(化学蚀变指数)揭示了西拉木伦河不同河段地表物质化学风化程度均较低,处于较弱的去Na、Ca阶段。不同河段化学风化程度差异与其局地气候及地貌格局息息相关;不同地貌单元沉积物粒度组成、地球化学过程的递变规律与距河道远近、地貌、植被等因素有关;西拉木伦河平均粒径与一些元素的相关性,说明粒度和化学元素之间存在一定关系。总之,在不同空间尺度上,西拉木伦河地表沉积物理化特征的分异实质上反映了风动力和水动力的差异性分选。该研究对于构建风水两相沉积物综合判别指标等问题有着重要的意义。