A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar

The temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH₄ at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q₁₀ = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH₄ emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.     

THE CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTRY OF HEILONGJI ANG PROVINCE IN 1990''''S

INTRODUCTIONIntheworldoftoday,theglobalclimatechangeanditsinfluenceonecologyhavebe-comeaveryimportantproblem,towhichmanyscientists,governnentleadersandordinarypcoplepaycloseattentionI1-'].Inl979,theWorldClimateResearchProgram(WCP)waslaiddowninthefirstworldclimatemeeting.lnl99(),thesecondworldclimatemeetingwasconvcl1edinGencva,andalltl1eexpertsagreedthattheglobalwarmlngwillbeextremelyseriousdisasterthananynatUralcalamityever.Attl1eMectingof"WorldEnvironmentandDevelopment,"holdinBrazil…     

绵阳城市广场建设中的特色分析

在调查的基础上，介绍了四川绵阳市的广场，并以铁牛广场为例分析其特色和不足。     

Some determinants of the spatio-temporal fire cycle in a mediterranean landscape (Corsica,France)

Based on recent needs to accurately understand fire regimes and post-fire vegetation resilience at a supra-level for carbon cycle studies, this article focusses on the coupled history of fire and vegetation pattern for 40 years on a fire-prone area in central Corsica (France). This area has been submitted since the beginning of the 20^th century to land abandonment and the remaining land management has been largely controlled by frequent fires. Our objectives were to rebuild vegetation and fire maps in order to determine the factors which have driven the spatial and temporal distribution of fires on the area, what were the feed backs on the vegetation dynamics, and the long-term consequences of this inter-relationship. The results show a stable but high frequency of small fires, coupled with forest expansion over the study period. The results particularly illustrate the spatial distribution of fires according to topography and vegetation, leading to a strong contrast between areas never burnt and areas which have been burnt up to 7 times. Fires, when occuring, affect on average 9 to 12% of the S, SE and SW facing slopes (compared to only 2 to 5% for the N facing slopes), spread recurrently over ridge tops, affect all the vegetation types but reburn preferentially shrublands and grasslands. As these fire-proning parameters have also been shown to decrease the regeneration capacity of forests, this study highlights the needs in spatial studies (both in terms of fire spread and vegetation dynamic) to accurately apprehend vegetation dynamic and functionning in fire-prone areas.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于分期播种试验夏玉米延迟收获促进子粒灌浆和粒重增益效应

基于2019-2022年夏玉米播期试验资料,分析夏玉米生理成熟后延迟收获对子粒农艺性状改善、增产效应。结果表明,早播10 d至晚播20 d处理的有效灌浆结束日均比生理成熟期延后,子粒有效灌浆持续日数依次比其花后10 d至生理成熟期日数延长28～9 d,播期每推迟10 d延长日数减少6.3 d。子粒农艺性状有明显的改善,百粒重、穗粒重提高,子粒增产效应明显,理论产量增产率16.95%～7.66%,增产量1 960.36～681.51 kg/hm²,对照增产最多,比晚播10、20 d增产粮食多2.4～2.9倍。为华北地区提高气候资源利用效率和粮食生产提质增效提供参考。     

三元交互视角下风景园林设计课程教学改革研究

针对高职院校学生在学习设计课程时自我效能感低的特点,引入社会认知理论的三元交互决定模型,通过从高职院校学生的“个人认知”、“行为模式”和“环境因素”三元视角重新梳理风景园林设计课程体系,在教学设计中融入思政元素,使课程思政和专业教学相互融合,使学生“术”与“德”更好融合,以实现“三全育人”的目标。具体措施包括:通过挖掘教学目标和内容的思政元素,塑造学生产生高效能感的“个人认知”;通过组织“项目沉浸式”教学过程,促使学生产生互为榜样的“行为模式”;通过完善课堂教学评价,营造学生良性互动的学习环境。     

国内乡村聚落景观研究综述

摘要：从聚落景观研究入手,对国内乡村聚落景观研究的基础理论、研究内容、研究方法和技术以及综述聚落景观研究的主要流派等进行介绍,指出在研究方法上侧重于定性描述,采用定量分析研究少,没有形成一个很好的古村落景观研究的评价体系。     

Applying Local Measures of Spatial Heterogeneity to Landsat-TM Images for Predicting Wildfire Occurrence in Mediterranean Landscapes

In mountainous Mediterranean regions, land abandonment processes in past decades are hypothesized to trigger secondary vegetal succession and homogenization, which in recent years has increased the size of burned areas. We conducted an analysis of temporal changes in landscape vegetal spatial pattern over a 15-year period (1984–1998) in a rural area of 672.3 km² in Eastern Spain to investigate the relationship between local landscape heterogeneity and wildfire occurrence. Heterogeneity was analyzed from textural metrics derived from non-classified remote sensing data at several periods, and was related to wildfire history in the study area. Several neural network models found significant relationships between local spatial pattern and future fire occurrence. In this study, sensitivity analysis of the texture variables suggested that fire occurrence, estimated as probability of burning in the near future, increased where local homogeneity was higher.     

农田灌溉模式下塔里木河流域地下水水位的变化分析──以塔里木河上游为例

根据1997、2000年的监测资料,分析了塔里木河上游地下水水位的时空变化,反映了不同的土地利用方式对地下水水位的影响。在农田灌溉模式下,在垂直河道方向上地下水水位的变化受到塔里木河干流水位、农田灌溉和潜水蒸发的影响。沿河道的横切方向上地下水位的变化与距河道距离成正相关,但具有明显的滞后反应,其滞后时间随垂直河道的距离增加而增加。干流水位明显影响地下水的范围为3.5km。农田灌水使地下水水位在3、11月份明显抬升,也在7月份时对地下水水位产生影响,使其抬升。潜水蒸发量随地下水水位的升高而增加,使地下水水位变化趋于缓和。