Participatory landrace selection for on-farm conservation: An example from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico

On-farm conservation is recognized as a key component of a comprehensive strategy to conserve crop genetic resources. A fundamental problem faced by any on-farm conservation project is the identification of crop populations on which efforts should be focused. This paper describes a method to identify a subset of landraces for further conservation efforts from a larger collection representing the diversity found in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Mexico is a center of origin and diversity for maize (Zea mays L.). The 17 landraces selected from an initial collection of 152 satisfy two criteria. First, they represent the diversity present in the larger collection. Second, they appear to serve the interests of farmers in the region. Data for applying the method were elicited through participatory as well as conventional techniques. They incorporate the complementary perspectives of both men and women members of farm households, and of plant breeders and social scientists.     

四川盆地及盆周山区玉米地方种质耐低磷胁迫研究

以来自四川盆地及盆周山区的22个玉米地方种质为材料,在低磷胁迫下对苗期缺磷症状,成株期株高、穗行数、百粒重、行粒数以及穗粒重等性状表现进行了研究。结果表明,低磷胁迫对玉米的主要农艺、经济性状均有不同程度的影响,其中对苗期缺磷症状及成株期穗粒重的影响最大,且不同玉米地方种质在苗期和成株期对低磷胁迫的反应不同,以苗期缺磷症状和成株期穗粒重的耐低磷胁迫系数的平均值作为耐低磷综合指数,能较好地反映玉米地方种质的耐低磷胁迫能力。将耐低磷综合指数按最短距离法进行聚类,可将22个玉米地方种质划分为三类。其中,第一类材料包括:汉源红包谷、汉源白包谷、汶川二白、江北大板牙,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.81以上,属于对低磷胁迫不敏感基因型;第二类材料包括南充秋子等4个玉米地方种质,占鉴定总数的18.2%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73~0.77之间,属于对低磷胁迫反应中间型;第三类材料包括小金金皇后等14个地方种质,占鉴定总数的63.6%,它们的耐低磷综合指数在0.73以下,属于对低磷胁迫敏感基因型。     

Genetic survey of 10 Indian coconut landraces by simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

A rich genetic diversity of coconut exists in farmer's fields, which represent valuable genetic resource for breeding. The study was conducted to assess the pattern of diversity in 102 coconut palms representing 10 landraces from 3 coconut-growing communities of India using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 90 alleles were detected with an average of 6.42 alleles per locus and an average polymorphism information content of 0.61. Expected heterozygosity (H_e) was highest for the two tall landraces from Pallikkara community, while the least heterozygosity was observed for the dwarf coconut landraces from Vayalar community. Mean fixation index (F_ST) of 0.42 indicates a high level of population differentiation. A low gene flow (N_m) of 0.37 was observed. Based on molecular data, genetic similarities were calculated. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the landraces according to their geographical locations and breeding behaviour. The practical implications of this study in farmer participatory evaluation and conservation of coconut genetic resources are highlighted.     

云南哈尼梯田红米地方品种遗传多样性分析

云南元阳哈尼梯田有丰富的水稻品种,特别是红米资源。本研究利用均匀分布于水稻基因组的100对简单序列重复（SSR）标记分析元阳哈尼梯田60份红米地方品种遗传多样性。100对SSR引物共扩增条带477个,平均每对引物扩增4.770个条带;有效等位基因数（Ne）从1.035~6.000,平均为2.518;香农多样性指数（I）为0.086~1.912,平均为1.016;多态性信息含量（PIC）范围为0.064~0.838,平均为0.519;基因杂合度（H）从0到0.950,平均为0.167;聚类分析可将60个红米品种分为两大类,第一类为籼稻亚种,包括57个水稻品种,第二类只有3个品种,为粳稻亚种。研究表明云南哈尼梯田水稻红米品种具有丰富的遗传多样性。     

玉米地方品种耐旱种质的苗期筛选指标研究

以10个玉米地方品种为材料,通过盆栽试验设置干旱胁迫、正常供水2个处理,研究干旱胁迫下玉米地方品种的苗期形态和生理指标。结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米地方品种幼苗植株形态和生理有不同程度的不利影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐旱性存在明显差异。不同地方品种的同一植株性状和同一地方品种的不同植株性状的耐旱胁迫指数存在差异。侧根数、叶面积、根体积和植株干重可作为玉米地方品种耐旱种质筛选的形态指标,硝酸还原酶活性和丙二醛含量可作为耐旱种质筛选的生理指标。     

低磷胁迫下武陵山区糯玉米地方品种的籽粒产量和营养品质效应

以10个来自武陵山区的糯玉米地方品种为材料,设置不施磷和施磷2个处理,研究其对糯玉米地方品种籽粒产量和营养品质的影响,结果表明,低磷胁迫对糯玉米地方品种籽粒产量、蛋白质和亚油酸含量影响较大。籽粒产量、蛋白质和亚油酸含量可作为筛选耐低磷糯玉米种质的指标。低磷胁迫下籽粒产量与营养品质的相关分析结果表明,育种上培育高产优质耐低磷的糯玉米品种是可行的。     

小麦(T. aestivum)Waxy-D1 基因缺失材料的发现及分析

利用SDS-PAGE技术, 从河北省及其它省引进小麦地方品种900份中, 鉴定出了普通小麦Waxy-D1基因缺失材料一份, Waxy-B1基因缺失材料6份。 这些材料的发现, 为我国开展品质育种研究打下了基础, 尤其是Waxy-D1隐性材料尤为稀少, 是至今为止世界上发现的第二份含有该隐性基因的地方品种。 在小麦淀粉遗传控制研究和品质育种     

Production and use of maize seed for sowing in Bolívar,Ecuador

In the province of Bolívar in the Andean region 212 farmers, six salesmen and 14 technicians, involved in maize production, were interviewed. The majority of the farmers interviewed were small-holders; 64% of the farmers had a farm size of less than 4.5 ha. Maize is the most important crop and is often grown in association with beans. Most maize, 96%, is soft maize meant for human consumption. The cultivars grown are open pollinated ones. One cultivar, ‘Guagal’, was grown extensively. A few others, among which an improved version of Guagal were of some importance. In the production of maize the farmers consider damage due to insects, wind (lodging), diseases, drought and hail, the low prices for their surplus maize and the high costs of fertilizers, chemicals, sowing seed and labour as the most important constraints. The seed for sowing the next crop mainly came from seed kept from the last harvest. Farmers indicated that they select from the harvested ears the healthy looking larger ones. Kernel type also was a selection criterion. Selection for plant type in the field was rarely done. Of the farmers 71% stored the maize as kernels while 29% stored the seed kept on the ears. The storage was predominantly done somewhere in the house in plastic (56%) or cloth bags (14%), in a pile (13%), just on the floor (4%) or in cans (4%). Some farmers still had seed left from the last sowing and were willing to give a sample for testing. From 32 such samples the quality was assessed by INIAP, the Ecuadorean governmental research and breeding organisation. The samples were consistently of a low quality. Especially the vigour of the seedlings was poor and most of the seeds were infected or contaminated by fungi. In the region a few salesmen offer maize seed for sale of cultivar Guagal at prices affordable by the farmer. Of improved cultivars the prices were higher than most farmers are willing to pay. The technicians considered good seed quality and good maintenance of the cultivars effective methods in obtaining better yields. Many farmers do not have access to seed of INIAP and are not familiar with the improved cultivars.     

中国白菜型油菜种质表型多样性分析

以保存于油料作物中期库中的1 962份白菜型油菜种质为基础材料,按照地理位置、表型性状分组并按比例取样,选择具有代表性的244份地方品种,对其13个表型性状进行分析。结果显示,来源于山西省的冬油菜生育日数较长,来源于青海、内蒙古、甘肃等省的春油菜生育期较短;来源于四川省的半冬型油菜株高较高;来源于云南、四川省的半冬型油菜全株角果数较多;来源于西藏的材料千粒重较大。多样性指数结果表明,我国白菜型油菜地方种具有丰富的形态多样性,平均多样性指数为1.709, 高于国外材料(1.250);就不同生态类型而言,半冬型油菜多样性指数最高,其次为春油菜,冬油菜最低。聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.204时,244份白菜型油菜地方种质划分为四簇,每簇包含的种质数分别为117、38、34和55;簇Ⅰ以半冬型油菜为主,簇Ⅱ、Ⅲ以春油菜为主,簇Ⅳ以冬油菜为主。主成分分析结果显示,白菜型油菜分为春油菜、半冬型油菜与冬油菜三个明显的基因库,其结论与聚类分析结果一致。