腾格里沙漠南缘种子植物区系及其资源属性

[目的]调查植物区系,分析资源属性,为提高当地居民经济收入,改善农村产业结构提供依据。[方法]以样地调查数据为基础,通过查阅种子植物名录,对种子植物的区系属性、生活型属性和资源属性进行综合分析。[结果]腾格里沙漠南缘有种子植物31种,隶属16科,31属,大科属种为黎科、菊科和禾本科,草本植物最多,占总种数的67.7%,生态植物、饲(食)用植物和药用植物分别占总种数的83.87%,51.61%%和58.06%。[结论]大科属种为黎科、菊科和禾本科,它们在该保护区系中占有重要的地位,表现出它们在该保护区植物区系中的重要性,植物生活型中草本植物最多,生态植物、以饲(食)用植物和药用植物所占比例较大。     

不同放牧强度对滩羊生产性能影响的研究

五种不同放牧强度，历期154d的滩羊放牧试验结果表明：滩羊的采食量随着放牧强度的加重而降低，同一放牧强度下，随着放牧时间的推移，采食量先是逐渐增大，尔后又下降；不同放牧强度下，滩羊的体重随着时间的推移总体上都呈增加的趋势，但放牧强度轻的处理日增重峰值较高，持续时间较长：滩羊个体增重与放牧强度之间存在着强的负相关，单位草地面积(1hm^2)增重与放牧强度之间呈强的正相关：随着放牧强度的加重，饲料报酬先增大后减小，在同一放牧强度下，饲料报酬随着时间的推移先升高后降低；当放牧强度超过0．750只／hm^2以后，滩羊出现了空怀、产羔率降低和推迟怀孕的现象。综合考虑各研究指标，本类草地放牧强度以不超过0．750只／hm^2为宜。     

柴达木盆地温性荒漠灌丛草地的分布及基本特征

对柴达木盆地的温性荒漠灌丛草地的分布和基本特征进行了较为系统的描述,为该草地的利用、保护和维护荒漠草地生态系统的良性循环提供了基础资料。     

绿洲-荒漠交错带不同沙丘土壤水分时空动态变化规律

绿洲-漠交错带是植被恢复的一个重要区域，而植被恢复的关键又是了解沙丘土壤水分的变化规律。从2003年10月到2004年10月，对甘肃省张掖绿洲-荒漠交错带沙丘土壤水分进行了连续观测，并研究了生态垫在沙漠治理中的应用。结果表明：土壤水分时空动态变化主要受降雨、植被以及地表覆盖等因素的影响，沙丘土壤水分月变化滞后于降水变化。沙丘剖面土壤水分变异系数随土层深度的增加而减小，铺设生态垫减小了沙丘土壤水分的空间变异（CV=4．43％），流动沙丘0～40cm的含水量（0．19％～1.27％）低于固定沙丘（1.61％～1．75％），而其它各层的含水量（1．52％～1．73％）都高于固定沙丘（1．11％～1．38％）；流动沙丘含水量（1．27％～1．73％）从上部到下部依次升高，而固定沙丘（1．75％～1．11％）则与此相反；利用标准差和变异系数对沙丘土壤水分垂直变化进行分层，得出了土壤水分剖面分别为速变层、活跃层和次活跃层，并运用相关分析方法分析了生态垫覆盖下沙丘各层间土壤含水量及其与沙丘剖面平均含水量的关系。研究初步认为，生态垫能有效地保持沙丘土壤水分，将为沙漠治理提供一种新型的治沙模式。     

Effect of irrigation on nematode population dynamics and activity in desert soils

Summary The nematode community in litter and soil was examined for a year in the Chihuahuan desert, before and after supplemental rainfall application. Proportions of nematode-active or anhydrobiotic forms and population densities were determined for 3 treatments: control (natural rainfall), a single, large (25-mm) monthly irrigation pulse, and 4 smaller (6-mm) irrigations spaced at weekly intervals. In litter the greatest nematode abundance was in the 6 mm week^–1 treatment (48 nematodes 20 g^–1 litter). Bacteriovores and fungivores accounted for approximately 95% of the numbers and biomass in all treatments. In soil, water amendments had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on annual mean densities of total nematodes, fungivores, bacterivores, or omnivore predators. Phytophage densities were greater on both irrigation treatments, with highest densities (9268 m^–2) in the 6 mm week^–1 soils, which was 5.9% of the total soil nematode density. Total densities of individual trophic groups were not significantly different before or after rainfall. Soil nematode densities fluctuated independently with trophic group, month, and season. Bacterial feeders and omnivore predators were the largest contributor to total soil nematode density and biomass. Prior to irrigation, there were no differences in the percentage of anhydrobiotes on the three treatments. Anhydrobiotes decreased after irrigation in all treatments, and were significantly lower in soils of the larger, monthly irrigation. Nematodes were inactive (anhydrobiotic) and decoupled from decomposition processes when soil water matric potentials reached –0.4 MPa.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

荒漠戈壁区某煤矿矿井建设工程新增水土流失预测及防治对策

该煤矿井田面积46 km2,工程建设过程中将扰动损坏原地貌植被并产生弃土弃渣,可能形成煤矿塌陷区。经分析计算,煤矿建设过程中,损坏以天然稀疏草地为主体的水保设施面积85.86 hm2,产生弃土弃渣3.78×106t,煤矿塌陷区面积为540.24 hm2,煤矿建设新增土壤流失总量为22 667 t。根据水土流失预测结果,将水土流失防治区分为选煤厂工业场地及生活办公防治区等五个防治区,依据各自水土流失特点对位配置防治措施,达到工程建设与生态环境保护相协调的目的。     

乌兰布和沙漠风沙运动规律研究

根据在沙漠化程度十分严峻的乌兰布和沙漠实际所测得的有关流动、半固定和固定沙丘风沙运动的相关数据,运用多元统计分析的方法分别建立了3种沙丘的输沙率函数模型,定量地分析了输沙率与风速及高度的相关关系,并对风沙流结构进行了相应研究。这对于指导我国的沙漠化治理工作具有重要的建设性意义。     

Endangered economic species of Indian desert

The economically important, naturally occurring species of the Indian desert was surveyed on the basis of the perception of local plant scientists. About one-fourth of the total 84 taxa were seen to be facing varying stages of risk. Of these, 17 species and 8 botanical varieties are endemic to Indian desert. Eighteen species in Bikaner, 21 in Jaisalmer and 19 in Jodhpur divisions were reported to be at risk. Factors responsible for the loss of species diversity have been discussed and appropriate strategies have been suggested for their conservation.     

Phosphorus content in five representative landscape units of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama Desert-Peru)

Phosphorus forms and content were studied in soils of the Lomas de Arequipa (Atacama desert, Peru) using a fractionation method. These Lomas are small hills periodically submitted to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) which causes heavy rainfall. Sample soils were randomly selected in five landscape types characterized by vegetation: cactaceae (Cac), cactaceae and herbaceous (CacHerb), shrubs (Shr), trees with cover < 60% (Tree) and shrubs or trees with cover > 60%) (ShrTree). All the soils were strongly acidic and classified as loamy sand, sandy loam or silt loam. Organic carbon content was under 1% in Cac or CacHerb, then increased strongly in ShrTree (6.50%). Considering phosphorus, all the forms (labile as well resistant forms) increased markedly from Cac soils to ShrTree soils. In all the soils, the labile forms (Resin-P: range 45–105 μg g^− 1; NaHCO3-Pi: 23–123 μg g^− 1; or NaHCO3-Po: 10–122 μg g^− 1) were very high. These high phosphorus contents were attributed to the specific climatic conditions of the Lomas that feature a long period of vegetation dormancy (very dry period) and a short period of growth, following ENSO-associated precipitation. We suggested that during the dry period, plant decay and microbial cells death lead to release and accumulation of labile P in the soil, the rainfall wetting the soil, permitting vegetation growth. In this respect, the Lomas climatic conditions contribute to soil fertility, especially as labile forms of phosphorus are chiefly concerned.     

黄灌沙区农田耕层土壤性状空间异质性分析

用地统计学的方法,研究了黄灌沙区农田耕作层(030 cm)土壤的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、pH和电导率的空间变异规律。结果表明,农田耕作层土壤养分的空间异质性主要由随机性因子如土壤耕作措施,包括施肥、灌溉和作物轮作等造成,这与该区农田耕作层土壤是引黄灌溉改良的结果有关。土壤养分含量的变异函数均可很好地拟合成线性模型,块金值和基台值之比(C0/C0 C)均为1,说明随机性因子是导致该区土壤性状空间变异的主要因素,在整个尺度上具有恒定的变异,造成了土壤性状的相对均一。pH的变异函数为指数模型,其空间异质性组成中随机性和结构性因子各占50%。电导率的变异函数为球状模型,空间变异主要由结构性因子导致,结构性因子引起的空间异质性占总空间异质性的67%。分维数也表明耕层土壤性状空间依赖性较小,随机因子如农业活动是引起黄灌沙区土壤性状空间异质性的关键原因。Moran s I系数表现为除了pH和电导率受结构性和随机性因子共同作用外,其余土壤性状均呈较弱的相关关系。因此,干旱沙区通过人为措施改良的土壤性状空间上的变异主要受人为活动如灌溉、施肥和耕作等影响,在农业活动中更应该注重施肥和灌溉方式、灌溉水源等问题,以避免因土壤性状的变异导致的肥料利用效率降低。