柴达木盆地次生盐渍化撂荒地的改良与利用

在分析了柴达木盆地次生盐渍化撂荒地的成因的基础上，对生物改良和利用撂荒地的大量试验结果进行了分析和总结，提出了封育一灌溉和建植入工草是改良与利用盐渍化撂荒化撂荒地的有效途径，并阐述了在柴达木盆地建立草地农业生态系统的必要性 。     

民勤绿洲边缘区不同生境沙拐枣种群特征研究

沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)是分布于中国北方干旱荒漠区的一种主要固沙植物,研究沙拐枣种群在沙漠不同生境中的群落特征、空间分布格局及幼苗更新,对绿洲边缘区的生态恢复和重建具有重要的意义。本研究以石羊河流域下游民勤沙井子荒漠绿洲过渡带为研究区域,采用野外调查与室内测定相结合的方法,对3种不同地貌类型（半固定沙丘、流动沙丘、丘间地）和6种微地型（半固定沙丘迎风坡、顶部、背风坡和流动沙丘迎风坡、顶部、背风坡）沙拐枣种群特征、更新苗的数量特征与土壤水分的对应关系及分布格局进行了调查分析。结果表明：（1）沙拐枣种群密度、覆盖度表现为：半固定沙丘＞丘间地＞流动沙丘,半固定沙丘和丘间地与流动沙丘之间存在显著差异(P＜0.05),株高在流动沙丘最大,丘间低地最小,它们之间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);而种群地径、新梢长无显著差异(P＜0.05)。（2）流动沙丘各部位密度、株高、覆盖度差异不显著(P＜0.05),而半固定沙丘则表现为差异性显著(P＜0.05),顶部大于迎风坡和背风坡。（3）不同立地条件下,沙拐枣幼苗数量为流动沙丘＞半固定沙丘＞丘间地,且与5~ 30 cm土壤水分含量大小相对应。（4）在民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带,沙拐枣种群呈聚集分布。     

不同有机废弃物组合肥对灰棕荒漠土理化性质和玉米产量及经济效益的影响

系统研究了4种不同有机废弃物组合肥对灰棕荒漠土理化性质和玉米产量及经济效益的影响,结果表明:有机废弃物糠醛渣、羊粪、玉米秸秆、菜籽饼按0.50∶0.25∶0.20∶0.05容积比,经高温发酵处理,施用量为45.00 t/hm2对灰棕荒漠土理化性质和玉米产量及经济效益有良好的影响,与不施有机废弃物(对照)比较,土壤总孔隙度、团粒结构、贮水量分别增加8.69%、8.73%、91.36 m3/hm2;土壤有机质、碱解N、速效P、速效K、CEC分别增加5.86 g/kg 、21.42 mg/kg 、7.47 mg/kg 、42.67 mg/kg 、13.07 cmol/kg;玉米产量、产值、利润分别增加2.03 t/hm2、0.19×104 元/hm2、0.08×104 元/hm2;土壤容重降低0.28 g/cm3.灰棕荒漠土上施用生活垃圾,重金属离子有富集的趋势,而长期施用糠醛渣、蘑菇渣、锯末则无此效应.     

不同耕作制度对荒漠绿洲土壤物理性质和温度的影响

在南疆进行的两年连续4茬免耕种植作物后,耕层免耕土壤的容重比传统耕翻土壤增加0.03-0.05g.cm-3,耕层土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量、水分容积分别减少0.81-1.82%、1.52-2.37%、1.02-2.42%,总孔隙度下降0.87-1.60%,而通气孔隙度增加0.58-1.55%;不同耕作方式的土壤温度效应总变化趋势是:耕作覆膜>传统耕作>免耕留茬>免耕覆盖秸秆,免耕降低土壤温度。但在一天内四种不同耕作方式耕层土壤温度上升与下降的变化趋势相同,土壤最高温度出现的时间也相同,免耕可使土壤温度的昼夜温差变化幅度减小。     

沙漠藻固沙结皮的研究与问题探讨

本文综合分析了沙漠藻结皮研究的现状,并结合自己的研究,探讨了沙漠藻固沙结皮的形成与植被发育的关系、沙漠藻结皮人工接种效果,提出了藻沙粒结皮是沙漠藻结皮的早期形式,探讨了进一步研究沙漠藻固沙结皮的关键技术问题。     

乌兰布和沙区的水资源条件与治理开发的节水措施

分析乌兰布和沙区的水资源现状和开发潜力，探讨沙区黄灌区和井灌区的节水措施，提出防止土壤盐渍化是沙区治理开发过程中应十分注意的问题。     

Patterns and drivers of seasonal water sources for artificial sand-fixing plants in the northeastern Mu Us sandy land, Northwest China

Understanding plant water-use patterns is important for improving water-use efficiency and for sustainable vegetation restoration in arid and semi-arid regions. However, seasonal variations in water sources and their control by different sand-fixing plants in water-limited desert ecosystems remain poorly understood. In this study, stable isotopic ratios of hydrogen (δ²H) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) in precipitation, soil water, groundwater, and xylem water were determined to document seasonal changes in water uptake by three representative plant species (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv., Amygdalus pedunculata Pall., and Salix psammophila) in the northeastern Mu Us sandy land, Northwest China. Based on the depth distribution and temporal variation of measured gravimetric soil water content (SWC), the soil water profile of the three species stands was divided into active (0.01 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.08 g g^-1, 20% < coefficient of variation (CV) < 45%), stable (0.02 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.05 g g^-1, CV < 20%), and moist (0.08 g g^-1 < SWC < 0.20 g g^-1, CV > 45%) layers. Annually, P. sylvestris, A. pedunculata, and S. psammophila obtained most water from deep (59.2% ±9.7%, moist layer and groundwater), intermediate (57.4% ±9.8%, stable and moist layers), and shallow (54.4% ±10.5%, active and stable layers) sources, respectively. Seasonally, the three plant species absorbed more than 60% of their total water uptake from the moist layer and groundwater in the early (June) dry season; then, they switched to the active and stable layers in the rainy season (July–September) for water resources (50.1%–62.5%). In the late (October–November) dry season, P. sylvestris (54.5%–66.2%) and A. pedunculata (52.9%–63.6%) mainly used water from stable and moist layers, whereas S. psammophila (52.6%–70.7%) still extracted water predominantly from active and stable layers. Variations in the soil water profile induced by seasonal fluctuations in precipitation and groundwater levels and discrepancies in plant phenology, root distribution, and water demand are the main factors affecting the seasonal water-use patterns of artificial sand-fixing plants. Our study addresses the issue of plant water uptake with knowledge of proportional source-water use and reveals important implications for future vegetation restoration and water management in the Mu Us sandy land and similar desert regions around the world.     

不同利用方式下短花针茅草原生物量的形成规律

在内蒙古包头市达茂联合旗哈雅教学牧场 ,采用随机区组法对短花针茅草原在不同刈割时期、次数和高度下的生物量形成规律进行了研究 ,旨在探索短花针茅草原的合理利用方式 ,为草原放牧畜牧业生产实践提供理论依据。研究结果表明 ,短花针茅草原对刈割高度较为敏感 ,适宜的刈割高度为 2 cm;短花针茅草原植物生长缓慢 ,再生能力差 ,不宜于频繁利用 ,一年适宜利用 1 -2次 ;考虑牧草产量和营养物质含量 ,一年两次利用的间隔期应为 2 -3个月 ;一年一次利用的最佳利用期为 8月中旬以后。     

河西走廊盐渍化沙区综合治理模式研究

针对河西盐渍化沙区的特点,在沙区采用沙障固定流沙、封沙育林育草、营造固沙阻沙林、建立防护林带的固、封、阻、带结合的沙区治理模式,在盐渍化区采用物理改良措施、种植耐盐植物生物改良措施、发展畜牧养地改碱的改、种、养结合的盐渍化土地治理模式,使沙区盐渍化土地综合治理取得显著的生态、经济效益。     

Differentiation of soil fauna in desert agriculture of the Mariut region

Summary The soil fauna of 23 sites in the Mariut region, west of Alexandria, Egypt, was sampled monthly or seasonally for periods of 1,5–2.5 years. These sites range from unutilized littoral sand dunes, to free-grazing pasture, to low- and high-intensity dry farming, to irrigated agriculture. The average population densities of the encountered taxa were compared by corresponding analysis and by ascending hierarchic classification. With intensification of the agricultural practices, true detritivores of the original system, capable of dealing with the available plant and animal litter and adapted to the harsh desert climate, are replaced by other mesic detritivores adapted to the changes in litter quality (less animal and more plant) and also adapted to the new physical and chemical soil conditions. Meanwhile, the increase in plant biomass encourages the appearance and proliferation of cryptic phytophages (agricultural pests), occupying the niche of the removed large (domestic) herbivores. Carnivores (e.g.Carabidae) also change accordingly. Sites can thus be characterized on the basis of their soil faunas, according to the stage of their evolution, and a system of exchange of missing key taxa between sites should be established.