Soil‐solution speciation by MINEQL+4.6 model and plant uptake of Cd and Zn by barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after application of different phosphate fertilizers

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the immediate effect of application of mono‐ammonium phosphate (MAP), single superphosphate (SSP), and triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers containing varying concentrations of Cd on (1) chemical speciation of Cd and Zn in soil solution by chemical‐equilibrium calculations (MINEQL+4.6 model), (2) growth of barley plants, (3) concentrations of Cd, P, and Zn in soil solution and plant tissue, as well as total plant accumulation of Cd, P, and Zn, and (4) monitoring pH and element changes during incubation periods following phosphate application. Results show that, in general, the pH of soil solution increased during the first 40 d of incubation, then declined. Also, at the end of incubation period, pH of soil solution was affected by fertilization source and fertilization rate. The concentration of Cd in soil solution changed with time. Phosphate fertilization (p < 0.05) or fertilizer source (p < 0.05) showed consistent effects. Also, the application of phosphate fertilizers with three rates significantly increased Zn concentrations in soil solution during the first half (0–30 d) of incubation period and then decreased but still more than in the control. In general, application of different sources of phosphate at 100 g kg^–1 did not change the dominant forms of Cd in soil solution during all incubation time intervals. Speciation of Zn in the control after 30 d of incubation had changed, in comparison to 10 d of incubation, and the dominant forms were Zn²⁺, ZnOH⁺, ZnHCO₃, ZnCO₃(aq), and Zn(OH)₂(aq). Adding phosphate fertilizer significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight compared to control, indicating P was a growth‐limiting factor in the control plants. The Zn concentrations in shoot and root were lower in the TSP‐ and SSP‐fertilizers treatment than those in the MAP and fertilizer treatments at all rates of fertilization. Adding phosphate increased the Cd : Zn and P : Zn ratios in the shoot and root tissue, with the effect being greater with increasing fertilization rate. Phosphate fertilization greatly increased the total accumulation of Cd of barley compared with the control plants (p < 0.001), with the effect being greater with increasing fertilization rate. Source and rate of fertilizers, and their interactions had significant effect (p < 0.05) on Cd accumulation in the whole plant.     

花生巢式群体的脂肪含量遗传分析

巢式群体可以利用多个亲本解析复杂性状的遗传机制。本研究利用1个共同亲本与6个基础亲本所配置巢式组合F_2:3家系的种子脂肪含量数据,分析了花生脂肪含量的遗传模型,旨在探明不同的基础亲本组合中脂肪含量性状的遗传差异,为制定脂肪含量遗传改良的亲本选配和后代选择策略提供依据。6个组合的共同亲本为高脂肪含量的普通型大果品种豫花15号,其他6个基础亲本为不同脂肪含量和不同植物学类型的品种。结果表明,在不同杂交组合中脂肪含量的遗传模式有所不同,6个组合分别符合无主基因模型、1对主基因加性显性模型和2对主基因等显性模型3种遗传模式。各种遗传效应的估计值也各不相同,主基因遗传力从32%到80%,说明不同杂交组合中,控制脂肪含量的基因位点差异及其重组和分离方式不同。高脂肪含量双亲杂交后代的高脂肪含量个体较多,但主基因遗传力较低,不宜在早代实施表型选择;双亲脂肪含量差异较大的后代脂肪含量变异幅度更大,能够选择到不同脂肪含量的类型。本研究也表明,巢式组合具有较丰富的脂肪含量变异类型,揭示出脂肪含量性状遗传的复杂性和多基因调控的特点,为较全面地了解脂肪含量的遗传提供了基础。该巢式群体也将有助于进一步开展脂肪含量的QTL定位研究。     

微波消化-等离子体发射光谱仪法分析稻米中无机元素的研究

 利用微波消化、电感耦台等离子体光谱法(ICP-AES)对稻米中20种无机元素进行了同步定量测定．微波消化与常规湿消化法相比较，结果无显著差异。20种元素的平均检出限为0.0426 μg/g，回收率在85～104%之间，变异系数平均为1.62%；与NBS等标准曲进行了对比，显示出准确度、精密度、灵敏度均较理想。分析测定了51个优质米，结果表明符合质控要求。本方法消化样品快速，完全，污染少，仪器测定灵敏度高、重演性好。适合于稻米及其它生物、环境样品中无机元素含量的检测。     

稻田高产节水灌溉方式的研究

 1984～1988年在中国水稻研究所实验场排水与其它农业措施相结合，采用节水灌溉措施和高产灌溉制度，综合考虑对田面水、土壤水、地下水和雨水的统一管理利用和合理调节控制，通过大田、小区、测坑试验和生产实践，提出了适合当地条件的节水高产灌排方式、地下水埋深度和排水量。这种水综合运用，既可节约灌溉用水量，减少灌水次数，还可降低排涝水量，减轻排涝能耗费用。     

口蹄疫病毒结构蛋白P1基因转化玉米的初步研究

实验在构建口蹄疫病毒(Foot and Mouth Disease Virus,FMDV)结构蛋白P1基因植物双元表达载体(pBI131SP1、pBI21P1和pBI121AP1)的基础上,以玉米自交系8902、340、4112的Ⅱ型胚性愈伤组织为受体,用农杆菌介导法和基因枪轰击法转化玉米,获得31株抗性再生植株.GUS染色证明外源目的基因在玉米细胞和组织中得到了表达.PCR检测、Southem blotting鉴定证实目的基因P1已整合到再生植株的基因组中,共获得了13株转基因玉米植株,首次进行了FMDV抗原基因转化玉米的研究。     

优质蛋白玉米(QPM)选育方法和发展策略

目前我国优质蛋白玉米(QPM)发展面临着种质基础狭窄、自交系来源复杂、病害严重和经济价值不能体现等问题.针对这些问题提出了一些解决方案:①种质基础可通过直接利用CIMMYT现有种质,创建和利用半外来种质和将普通玉米自交系转为QPM近等基因系三种途径加以扩增.②根据种质特点、选育目标、抗穗腐病选育QPM自交系,发展多种类型的杂交种.③开发QPM的经济价值。     

不同玉米品种萌芽期及苗期抗旱性初步研究

对4个玉米杂交种辽单35、丹玉24、沈丹16、沈农87进行萌芽期和苗期的抗旱性研究.结果表明,不同杂交种在抗旱性上存在明显差异,在水分胁迫下,抗旱性强的杂交种仍然保持较高的发芽势和发芽率,苗期叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光合速率下降的幅度较小。     

Thermal degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds from black rice flour (Oryza sativa L.) extracts

The effect of thermal processing on the degradation of the phytochemicals in black rice flour by means of fluorescence spectroscopy and degradation kinetics was investigated. In order to investigate the influence of food matrices, a comparative analysis between integral rice flour and different fractions was performed. The preliminary compositional results suggested a higher content in phytochemicals in fraction four of the seven fractions of black rice flour, which was sifting through a sieve with a diameter of 180 μm. The compositional complexity was highlighted by fluorescence spectroscopy. The heat-treatment caused structural changes that led to red- or blue-shifts in maximum emission. The first-order kinetic model was used to describe the mechanism of degradation. The activation energies were 10.07 ± 1.04 kJ/mol for total polyphenolic, 7.26 ± 0.58 kJ/mol for total monomeric anthocyanins and 6.71 ± 1.12 kJ/mol for antioxidant activity in case of integral flour extract. For fraction four extract obtained by, the E_a values were: 3.51 ± 0.53 kJ/mol, 11.49 ± 1.47 kJ/mol, 15.80 ± 1.50 kJ/mol and 19.91 ± 3.27 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated values of the activation energy revealed higher temperature dependence of total polyphenols in integral flour and of antioxidant activity in fraction four, respectively.     

Effect of inclusion of cashew globulin (Anacardium occidentale) to a casein diet on lipid parameters in rats

The effect of inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet on lipid metabolism was studied in rats fed diets with two levels of cashew globulin meal. Inclusion of cashew globulin to a casein diet produced lower levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and phospholipids in the serum and tissues and lower levels of serum lipoprotein cholesterol. There was decreased cholesterogenesis in the liver as evidenced by decreased activity of HMG CoA reductase and decreased release of lipoproteins into circulation. Rats fed cashew globulin along with casein also showed higher activity of LPL in the heart and adipose tissue and higher activity of LCAT. Increased hepatic diversion of cholesterol to bile acid synthesis and increased excretion of bile acids and sterols were also observed in these groups. Activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme was decreased in rats fed cashew globulin along with casein. This study demonstrates that cashew globulins included in the diet of rats are able to alter lipid metabolism which results in lower levels of lipid parameters in the serum and tissues.     

Biodegradation measurements confirm the predictive value of the O:C‐ratio for biochar recalcitrance

Suitable predictors of degradability are sought to support the identification of biochars with large potential to increase C sequestration in soils. We determined the biodegradation of 9 chars from hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis in two agricultural soils. The 200‐ and 115‐day degradation correlated strongly with the O:C‐ and slightly with the H:C‐atomic ratio of 9 and 14 biochars, respectively. Highest temperature treatment and ash content did not show similar correlations.