Functional analysis of the G-protein α subunits FGA1 and FGA3 in the banana pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

The asexual fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent of fusarium wilt in bananas (Musa spp.). This fungus poses a threat to banana production throughout the world. Here, two Foc genes, fga1 and fga3, were functionally characterized. These genes encode proteins homologous to the G-protein α subunits GPA1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and MAGC from Magnaporthe grisea, respectively. The deletion of fga1 leads to a phenotypic defect in colony morphology and reductions in vegetative growth, conidiation and pathogenicity against the banana plant (Musa spp. cv. Brazil), which was not observed for the Δfga3 deletion mutant. Intriguingly, both Δfga1 and Δfga3 deletion mutants showed declines in intracellular cyclic AMP levels and increases in heat resistance, suggesting that FGA1 regulates growth, development, pathogenicity, and heat resistance, whereas FGA3 modulates heat resistance, potentially through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A pathway. These findings offer insights into the roles of the G-protein α subunits in the development and pathogenicity of the fungus Foc.     

Comparative proteomic analysis of cucumber roots infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium Owen

Cucumber Fusarium wilt (CFW), caused by the soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerium, is a serious disease in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) production worldwide. For the efficient control of the pathogenic fungi, a better understanding of its interaction and associated resistance mechanisms at the molecular level is required. Here, we report a comparative proteomics analysis of total root protein isolated from infected cucumber root of susceptible bulk (SB) and resistant bulk (RB) of cucumber generation F2. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with MS/MS approaches identified 15 over-accumulated proteins from the RB plants. Identified proteins are mainly involved in defense and stress responses, oxidation reduction, metabolism and transport and other process. These proteins are likely to be a part of resistance-related protein network, playing different roles in cucumber disease resistance. Three vital clues regarding wilt resistance of C. sativus are gained from this study. First, jasmonic acid and redox signaling components were found in response to F. oxysporum infection in resistant plants. Second, the LRR family protein may play an important role in the defense reaction against CFW. Third, biotic and abiotic stress-related proteins were induced by the CFW fungus F. oxysporum, indicating the activation of common stress pathway.     

草鱼PRL基因多态性与幼鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的关联分析

为了探索草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)PRL(prolactin)基因多态性与草鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的关联性,通过测序法从10尾草鱼的PRL基因中筛选到6个突变率高于30%的变异位点,包括5个单核苷酸变异位点和1个插入型突变(–/CACTCACTA),分别命名为2551GA、2639GC、3247AG、5197TG、5897GA和3391–+。利用AS-PCR(allele-specific PCR)和基因分型技术对192尾4月龄草鱼的PRL基因变异位点进行检测;基于一般线性模型对变异位点多态性与草鱼生长性状和肌肉成分进行相关性分析。研究发现,2639GC、3391–+和5197TG对体长和体重具有显著影响(P0.05),2639GC对肌肉粗蛋白含量具有显著影响(P0.05)。单个位点基因型比较发现,3391–+的突变型(–+和++)个体的体长和体重均显著高于野生型(––)个体(P0.05);2639GC的GC及5197TG的突变型(TG和GG)个体的体长和体重分别显著低于2639GC的GG和5197TG的TT野生型(P0.05);2639GC突变型(CC)个体的粗蛋白含量显著高于2639GC其他基因型(GG和GC)个体(P0.05)。两位点组合比较发现,含3391–+突变型(–+和++)的组合对应体长和体重普遍高于其他组,含2639GC的CC突变型的组合对应粗脂肪含量和粗蛋白含量普遍较高,其中粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P0.05)。研究表明,草鱼PRL基因多态性与草鱼生长性状和肌肉成分间存在显著关联,推测相关变异位点可作为草鱼生长和肉质改良的候选辅助标记。     

牛源大肠杆菌O157:H7的分离鉴定

为调查新疆部分地区E.coli O157：H7的感染情况和菌株致病性,从新疆阿克苏、伊犁、塔城3个地区的牛场采集新鲜粪样564份,对E.coli O157：H7进行分离与鉴定。利用E.coli营养肉汤（EC肉汤）对样品进行增菌后,用山梨醇麦康凯培养基（SMAC）平板选择性培养,再经过4-甲基伞形酮-β-D葡萄糖醛酸苷培养基（MUG）的筛选,对疑似菌株进行生化和PCR鉴定,并将分离鉴定到的菌株进行小鼠攻毒试验。结果显示,从伊犁地区采集的样品中共分离出2株E.coli O157：H7（Y166和Y226）,其检出率为0.88%;小鼠攻毒试验中,Y166和Y226试验组小鼠在48 h内全部死亡,具有一定致病性;从阿克苏、塔城所采样品中未分离到E.coli O157：H7。     

Abiotic soil properties and the occurrence of Rhizoctonia crown and root rot in sugar beet

Since 1993, Rhizoctonia crown and root rot (Rhizoctonia solani AG 2–2 IIIB) has represented an increasing problem for sugar beet production in Germany. Up to now, the outbreak of the infection and the spread of the disease within a field cannot be predicted and effective countermeasures are not available. Although little is known about the living conditions of R. solani in soils, abiotic soil properties are likely to influence the disease occurrence. Investigations were carried out based on 60 pairwise comparisons, each consisting of a disease‐affected and an adjacent nonaffected patch on farmers' fields in 2002 and 2003. Soil samples from the top soil layer (0–30 cm) were collected before harvest, and eight of the most frequently mentioned soil properties potentially influencing Rhizoctonia crown and root rot infection were examined: bulk density, texture, carbonate carbon, potassium, phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and pH. The occurrence of the disease was significantly related to the soil C : N ratio, indicating the influence of soil organic matter on the disease occurrence. Examinations of soil thin sections showed that organic‐matter particles in the soil serve as a substrate for R. solani. All other soil physical and chemical properties examined did not differ between the disease‐affected and nonaffected patches and seem to be of minor importance.     

不同栽培模式下春玉米籽粒灌浆特性的研究

以金山27和先玉335为供试品种,在西辽河平原研究了农户模式(目标产量11.25 t.hm-2,以NH表示)、高产模式(目标产量12.75.thm-2,以GC表示)和再高产模式(目标产量14.25 t.hm-2,以ZGC1、ZGC2表示,ZGC1和ZGC2密度相同,施肥时期不同)下春玉米籽粒灌浆特性。结果表明,不同栽培模式下玉米籽粒灌浆过程均可用Logistic方程进行描述,2个品种籽粒的终级生长量,除先玉335中下部籽粒外均表现为NH>GC>ZGC1>ZGC2。2个品种起始生长势均表现为NH>GC>ZGC,其中,金山27表现为ZGC1>ZGC2,先玉335则为ZGC2>ZGC1。4种栽培模式下最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率均表现为NH>GC>ZGC2>ZGC1,达到最大灌浆速率的时间均以NH最快,ZGC2最慢;有效灌浆期总体上表现为ZGC1>ZGC2>NH>GC。籽粒平均灌浆速率的大小,在灌浆不同阶段存在一定的差异,灌浆渐增期和快增期均表现为NH>GC>ZGC,而灌浆缓增期则表现为ZGC>NH>GC。灌浆快增期积累的干物质量对产量的贡献率为ZGC2>ZGC1>GC>NH。脱水速率前期表现为NH>GC>ZGC1>ZGC2,授粉后32~60 d的脱水速率为ZGC2>ZGC1>GC>NH,且模式间差异较大。     

有机生态型无土栽培的基质和施肥技术研究进展

对有机生态型无土栽培基质的材料处理、配制、理化性状、配方筛选、营养和有机生态型无土栽培的施肥技术进行了综述,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

东北地区大白菜根肿病菌生理小种鉴定

采用Williams鉴别系统的4个鉴别寄主(2 个芜菁甘蓝品种Laurentian和Wilhelmsburger,2 个结球甘蓝品种Jersey Queen和Badger Shipper),于2011—2012年连续2年对采自黑龙江、吉林、辽宁的11个大白菜根肿病主要发病区域的病原菌进行了生理小种鉴定。结果表明,东北地区大白菜根肿病菌主要种群均为4号生理小种。     

中草药苍耳、黄瑞香水浸液对小麦条锈病菌的抑制作用

小麦条锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,为了明确中草药苍耳和黄瑞香提取液对小麦条锈病的抑制作用,分别以两种中药水浸液测定其对小麦条锈病菌的抑制作用,以及对小麦条锈病的防治效果。结果显示,不同浓度的苍耳、黄瑞香提取液对小麦条锈菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有抑制作用,在浓度为0.50 g/mL条件下对其孢子的萌发抑制率分别为69.29%和64.44%,对其菌丝生长的抑制率分别为55.44%和44.77%。两种中药浸提液叶面喷施试验结果显示,两种中药浸提液对小麦条锈病都具有显著的防治效果。