Interactions of Glomus clarum with Acetobacter diazotrophicus in infection of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), and sweet sorghum (Sorghum vulgare)

Summary Spores of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus clarum obtained from sweet potatoes grown in soil inoculated with this fungus and with an enrichment culture of Acetobacter diazotrophicus contained A. diazotrophicus and several other bacteria, including a diazotrophic Klebsiella sp. Inoculation of micropropagated sweet potatoes with G. clarum and A. diazotrophicus enhanced spore formation in soil compared to VAM inoculation alone. Plants inoculated with VAM spores containing the bacteria showed additional increases in the number of spores formed within roots. A. diazotrophicus infected aerial plant parts only when inoculated together with VAM or when present within VAM spores. Micropropagated sugarcane seedlings inoculated with the same VAM spores containing the diazotrophs also contained much higher numbers of A. diazotrophicus in aerial parts than seedlings inoculated in vitro with the bacteria alone. When grown in non-sterile soil, the sugarcane seedlings again showed the greatest infection of aerial parts after inoculation with VAM spores containing the diazotrophs. This treatment also increased VAM colonization and the numbers of spores formed within roots. Similar effects were observed in sweet sorghum except that the aerial plant parts were not infected by A. diazotrophicus.     

Synergistic effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and diazotrophic bacteria on nutrition and growth of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)

Summary Sweet potatoes were micropropagated and then transplanted from axnic conditions to fumigated soil in pots in the greenhouse. Spores of Glomus clarum were obtained from Brachiaria decumbens or from sweet potatoes grown in soil infected with this fungus and with an enrichment culture of Acetobacter diazotrophicus. Three experiments were carried out to measure the beneficial effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi-diazotroph interactions on growth, nutrition, and infection of sweet potato by A. diazotrophicus and other diazotrophs obtained from sweet potato roots. In two of these experiments the soils had been mixed with ¹⁵N-containing organic matter. The greatest effects of mycorrhizal inoculation were observed with co-inoculation of A. diazotrophicus and/or mixed cultures of diazotrophs containing A. diazotrophicus and Klebsiella sp. The tuber production was dependent on mycorrhization, and total N and P accumulation were increased when diazotrophs and G. clarum were applied together with VAM fungal spores. A. diazotrophicus infected aerial plant parts only when inoculated together with VAM fungi or when present within G. clarum spores. More pronounced effects on root colonization and intraradical sporulation of G. clarum were observed when A. diazotrophicus was co-inoculated. In non-fumigated soil, dual inoculation effects, however, were of lower magnitude. ¹⁵N analysis of the aerial parts and roots and tubers at the early growth stage (70 days) showed no statistical differences between treatments except for the VAM+Klebsiella sp. treatment. This indicates that the effects of A. diazotrophicus and other diazotrophs on sweet potato growth were caused by enhanced mycorrhization and, consequently, a more efficient assimilation of nutrients from the soil than by N₂ fixation. The possible interactions between these effects are discussed.     

Genetic diversity in sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] in relationship to geographic sources as assessed with RAPD markers

Available evidence shows that sweetpotato originated from either Central or South American lowlands with subsequent dispersal to North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and the pacific islands. A total of 71 polymorphic RAPD molecular markers were used to assess the genetic relationships amongst 74 sweetpotato varieties originating from a total of 23 sweetpotato producing countries within six geographical regions, namely, South America, Central America/Caribbean, United States of America (USA), East Africa, Asia and Oceania. An Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated that 93.4% of the total variance was due to the differences between genotypes within regions. The difference between regions was significant (P < 0.001) but only contributed 6.6% to the variance. Genetic distance (PhiST) calculated with AMOVA and multidimensional scaling (MDS) revealed that the South American and the Central American/Caribbean genotypes formed two separate clusters. East African varieties, which have unique characteristics from other traditional varieties, were distinct from other traditional varieties from South America and Oceania. These results support the reported hypothesis of the origin and dispersal of the sweetpotato and indicate that the primary centre of diversity probably has two distinct genepools. It is proposed that the dispersal of the sweetpotato from its origin may have mainly involved varieties from Central America/Caribbean as opposed to varieties from South America. There is an indication that new genepools may be evolving in Africa and Asia due to hybridisation and adaptation to the local environments.     

空心菜对不同形态氮吸收动力学特性研究

对空心菜不同形态氮素吸收动力学特性进行了研究,发现其吸附曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程,采用LB转换式处理数据对其动力学参数进行计算,得出以下结论:①空心菜对铵态氮的亲和力大于对硝态氮的亲和力（K_m铵态氮<K_m硝态氮）,说明空心菜有优先吸收铵态氮的趋势,表明在实际净化水质过程中,若有足够的停留时间,空心菜对铵态氮的净化程度更高一些;②空心菜对铵态氮的最大吸收速率V_max为0.001 85 mmol/（g·FW·h）,对硝态氮最大吸收速率V_max 为0.000 279 mmol/（g·FW·h）,V_max铵态氮>V_max硝态氮,表明空心菜对铵态氮的净化速率要大于对硝态氮的净化速率;③当溶液中存在铵态氮时,空心菜对硝态氮的亲和力增加了2.5%,而最大吸收速率则减少34%,总的吸收能力降低,表明溶液中铵态氮的存在不影响空心菜根细胞膜上载体与硝态氮之间的亲和性,但影响载体对硝态氮的运转速度。     

Effect of local inoculum on the spread of sweet potato virus disease: limited infection of susceptible cultivars following widespread cultivation of a resistant sweet potato cultivar

A study compared the spread of sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) into crops of two moderately resistant and initially SPVD-free sweet potato cultivars in northern and southern Mpigi, Uganda. Whiteflies, the vector of sweet potato chlorotic stunt crini virus (SPCSV), a component cause of SPVD, were similarly abundant in farmers' sweet potato fields around Namulonge in northern Mpigi, and Kanoni in southern Mpigi. However, mean incidence of SPVD in farmers' crops neighbouring the trials was higher at Kanoni (13.3%) than at Namulonge (2.8%). Furthermore, spread of SPVD into initially SPVD-free sweet potato plots of two only moderately resistant cultivars was greater in plots at Kanoni than in plots at Namulonge. The SPVD-resistant New Kawogo was the most common cultivar grown in farmers' fields at Namulonge and had few diseased plants, whereas susceptible cultivars with relatively high incidences of disease predominated at Kanoni. Final SPVD incidence in each trial was positively correlated with a measure combining the proximity and level of inoculum in surrounding fields. The study demonstrates the importance of local SPVD inoculum in determining the rate of spread of the disease into fields and implies that the widespread cultivation of a resistant variety limits infection of susceptible cultivars grown nearby.     

圆叶牵牛浸提液对白菜种子的化感作用研究

圆叶牵牛是成功入侵的一种外来杂草。植物的化感作用在外来杂草入侵中发挥着重要的作用。采用生物测定法研究了圆叶牵牛水浸提液对4个白菜品种种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同含量的浸提液影响白菜种子萌发的速率,低含量(1%、2.5%)的浸提液促进白菜丰抗78、津绿75的发芽,抑制率为-12.4%～-1.1%,但随着含量的提高,浸提液产生抑制作用,且逐渐增强,抑制率为9.7%～27.2%;不同含量的浸提液均能抑制西由78、早熟5号的发芽。浸提液均能抑制白菜根的生长,抑制率为12.5%～77.4%。低、中含量(1%～7.5%)的浸提液促进株高增加,抑制率为-47.4%～-5.3%,随着浸提液含量的升高,促进作用减弱并转为抑制作用,抑制率为9.10%～31.60%。综合分析,圆叶牵牛浸提液抑制白菜幼苗的生长发育,继而影响最终产量。从综合效应值来看,早熟5号受影响较小,是抗性最好的品种。     

现代生物技术在甘薯育种中的应用

现代生物技术攻克了过去在甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)育种中无法解决的难题。诱变育种、细胞工程、分子标记和基因工程等现代生物技术已在甘薯选育、品质改良、增强抗病虫性等方面上发挥了非常重要的作用。综述了诱变育种、细胞工程、分子标记和基因工程等现代生物技术在甘薯育种中的研究与利用概况。     

甘薯新品种泉薯76特性鉴定与高产机理研究初报

鉴定了抗瘟粉用型甘薯新品种泉薯76的主要特征特性及其高产机理,旨在为其推广应用提供参考。多年多点试验结果表明,泉薯76具有较好的丰产性,平均鲜薯产量在33．683～40．817t／hm2,为对照种金山57鲜薯产量的93％～130％;平均薯干产量在9．320～11．429t／hm2,为对照种的97．5％～139．1％;平均淀粉产量在5．594～7．143t／hm2．比对照增产1．7％～42．2％。特性研究表明,泉薯76全生长期平均叶面系数为3．739,比对照种金山57高26．8％;平均净同化率为2．724g／（m2·d）,比对照高15．2％;叶面系数和净同化率均较高是其高产的最显著的生理特性。此外,泉薯76抗薯瘟病和蔓割病;薯块干物率约28．0％,比金山57高1．1～1．7个百分点;出粉率为16．6％～17．2％,比金山57高1．0～2．8个百分点;鲜薯蒸熟食用,质地细腻,味道香甜,综合食味评分优于金山57;薯块具有良好的耐贮性能和萌芽性能。因此,泉薯76可作为优质食用型和淀粉加工型品种在生产上应用．     

甘薯磨锉机中筛板作用分析

甘薯磨锉机具有淀粉提取率高、结构简单和功耗低等优点、其结构上主要特点之一是增加了筛板。本文通过对甘薯力学特性试验和筛面压力测试试验结果的分析,研究了甘薯磨锉过程。结果表明,筛板的主要功能为;限制过筛物料粒径和增加对物料的破碎作用。