Variation in sweet potato for tolerance to some physical and biological stresses

Summary Sweet potato cultivars, breeding lines and unselected seedling clones were grown under 9 stress conditions in field and greenhouse; heavy soil, space competition, competition with maize, shading, flooding, drought, acidity, salinity, and weevil infestation. High root yield was considered to be a sign of stress tolerance. Stresses were shown to reduce the growth of shoots and roots, except flooding, which increased fibrous root production. The percentge of plants showing high stress tolerance varied from 0.35 to 30.90 for the different stress situations. Tolerances to stresses tended to occur together, as shown by low but significant correlations, significant chi-squares for numbers of plants with multiple stresses, and by low but significant correlations between yield and multiple stresses. Root flooding, space and fertility competition, and soil acidity appear to be the stress factors most closely related to production in heavy soils. Yet the magnitude of the correlations suggest that other factors or random variation also affect yield, and thus the predictive value of greenhouse stress test is presently limited.     

Screening sweet potato for source potentials

Summary Screening sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, L., for source potentials is more difficult than for sink capacities. Twenty clones were grafted to four tester varieties to screen them for source potentials in relation to sink capacities which are interdependent. Source potential of a clone was measured by its average scion effect when grafted on the four tester varieties. There were significant differences in source potentials among the twenty clones. Seven clones were selected for having high source potentials. Clone TIS 2498 was the best. Degrees of response of source to sink were estimated using the regression method for twenty clones showed significant differences and ranged from b–0.45 to b=2.06. Source potential showed significant relationship (r=0.62^**) with response of source to sink. Implication of this approach to sweet potato breeding is discussed.     

旋花科植物ITS序列分析

通过提取白色圆叶牵牛基因组的DNA及紫色重瓣圆叶牵牛的DNA,对其内转录间隔区(ITS)序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定.采用BLAST方法,将测序结果在GenBank中进行同源搜索,采用邻接距离矩阵法构建了与其亲缘关系接近的旋花科14个种基于ITS序列的系统发育树,并分析了它们的亲缘关系.结果表明,原牵牛属和番薯属的亲缘关系较近,打碗花属、旋花属与番薯属为旋花科两大亲缘关系较远的类群;疑似新种的紫色重瓣圆叶牵牛并非一个新种,而是属于圆叶牵牛种下分类水平的变种或变型.     

不同生长阶段五爪金龙叶片生理生化指标的变化

以野生五爪金龙为对照,对不同生长阶段的人工栽培五爪金龙叶片的几种生理生化指标进行测定,结果表明:五爪金龙的总叶绿素及叶绿素a含量随生长时间的延长而增加,15个月后与野生五爪金龙无显著差异;不同生长阶段对叶绿素a/叶绿素b的比值没有显著影响。9个月五爪金龙的叶绿素b、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量低于15个月五爪金龙,总酚酸含量高于15个月五爪金龙,但两者MDA及总黄酮含量差异不显著。9个月、15个月五爪金龙的叶绿素b、可溶性蛋白含量低于野生五爪金龙,而可溶性糖、MDA及总黄酮含量均高于野生五爪金龙(总酚酸含量差异不显著),表明人工栽培五爪金龙生理生化指标对环境胁迫较为敏感。3个月五爪金龙叶中的总黄酮、总酚酸含量均较高,具有潜在的药用开发价值。     

五爪金龙总黄酮的超声提取方法及其鉴定

采用正交试验法研究了五爪金龙叶中总黄酮的超声提取最佳工艺,并测定其含量。五爪金龙样品用石油醚脱去脂类及部分色素,总黄酮得率最高的提取方法为:乙醇体积分数为80%,超声提取60 min,乙醇溶液体积(mL)与干粉质量(g)比例为40∶1。按最佳超声提取条件,五爪金龙的粗黄酮得率为8.75%,总黄酮提取率为1.216%。通过颜色反应和紫外可见光谱分析,初步确定五爪金龙叶中的黄酮类化合物主要有黄酮、黄酮醇、二氢黄酮和二氢黄酮醇类化合物。     

Regression analysis of genotype x environment interaction in sweet potato

Summary Two experiments, each involving a set of 10 sweet potato clones, were conducted for three years at 4 sites (Ekona, Ebolowa, Nkolbisson, and Bambui Plain) in Cameroon. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the presence of genotype x environment (G x E) interactions, and to regression analysis to assess the performance of clones across anvironments. Environments were assessed in two ways: (i) the mean response of all clones (dependent assessment), and (ii) the average performance of a different set of clones (independent assessment).The first experiment (Expt 1) produced higher yields but had fewer stable clones than the second (Expt 2).The analysis of variance revealed that the clones interacted significantly with environments for all traits.The study has identified high yielding and stable sweet potato clones for distribution to growers in the major areas of cultivation in the tountry. Despite slight differences in numbers of clones judged stable by the various regression indices in the two methods of environmental assessments, the rankings of clones on the basis of their linear regression coefficients were similar. In a developing country like Cameroon, with limited resources and where sophisticated equipment for obtaining physical or biological measures of the environment may be lacking, the mean performance of genotypes may still be the most reliable measure of environment in evaluating the stability of performance of crop cultivars.     

甘薯肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶基因的克隆及序列分析

甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)新品系农大603是从感茎线虫(Ditylenchus destructor)病品种徐薯18的辐照后代中获得的一个抗茎线虫病的突变体。以农大603和徐薯18块根的mRNA为模板，根据植物抗线虫病基因NBS保守氨基酸序列设计引物，进行 RT-PCR分析，发现农大603的肌醇-1-磷酸合成酶(Myo inositol-1-phosphate synthase , MIPS)基因的表达量高于徐薯18。采用3'RACE技术扩增出MIPS基因的3'末端cDNA。根据植物MIPS基因 5'端一段保守的氨基酸序列设计兼并引物，并与3'端的特异引物组合，扩增出该基因的5'端cDNA序列。DNA序列比对表明，甘薯MIPS基因与大豆(Glycine max)、番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum )的MIPS基因同源性较高，分别达83.63 %和83.89 %。甘薯MIPS基因全长cDNA的克隆，有利于进一步研究该基因与抗甘薯茎线虫病的关系。     

Differences in mycorrhizal infection and P uptake of sweet potato cultivars (Ipomoea batatas L.) during their early growth in three soils

Summary Mycorrhizal infection in the roots of 10 sweet potato cultivars was assessed 7 weeks after planting in three soils collected from Ibadan, Fashola and Onne in southern Nigeria, three soils which contained 21.0, 7.8 and 54.8 mg P kg^–1, respectively. Mycorrhizal infection averaged 17% in the soil from Ibadan, 24% in the soil from Fashola and 7% in the acid soil from Onne. The plants grown in the Fashola soil contained the same percentage of P as plants grown in the Onne soil. Although the percentage of P in sweet potato was lowest in the Ibadan soil, shoot dry weights were 35% higher in this soil than in the other two soils. There was no correlation between the level of mycorrhizal infection and plant dry weight in the partially sterilized soil from Ibadan. Sweet potato inoculated in this soil with infected roots of Leucaena leucocephala showed a higher level of mycorrhizal infection than uninoculated plants. Dry-matter production was, however, the same for all treatments. The sweet potato cultivars differed in their level of mycorrhizal infection and in their response to applied P. Cultivars TIS 2498 and TIS 70357 consistently showed the lowest percentage of infection; and TIb 4, TIS 8441 and TIS 8524 showed infection levels above 20% in the Fashola and Ibadan soils. When the low-yielding cultivar, TIb 4, and an improved clone, TIS 9265, were grown in the presence of 50 and 100 mg single superphosphate per kg soil, TIb 4 produced more dry matter in the presence of P fertilizer than it did without the fertilizer. Growth and mycorrhizal infection of TIS 9265 were not affected by the fertilizer.     

Enhanced Stem Nematode Resistance of Transgenic Sweetpotato Plants Expressing Oryzacystatin-I Gene

Enhanced stem nematode resistance of transgenic sweetpotato (cv. Lizixiang) was achieved using Oryzacyslatin-I (OCI)gene with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. A. Tumefaciens strain EHA 105 harbors a binary vector pCAMBIA1301 with OCI gene, gusA gene and hptⅡ gene. Selection culture was conducted using 25 mg L-1 hygromycin. A total of 1715 plants were produced from the inoculated 1 450 cell aggregates of Lizixiang via somatic embryogenesis. GUS assay and PCR analysis of the putative transgenic plants randomly sampled showed that 90.54% of them were transgenic plants. Transgenic plants exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to stem nematodes compared to the untransformed control plants by the field evaluation with stem nematodes. Stable integration of the OCI gene into the genome of resistant transgenic plants was confirmed by Southern blot analysis, and the copy number of integrated OCI gene ranged from 1 to 4. Transgene overexpression in stem nematode-resistant plants was demonstrated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. This study provides a way for improving stem nematode resistance in sweetpotato.     

硒锌交互对蕹菜产量和品质的影响

采用水培法研究不同浓度硒(0、0.05、0.5、1、2 mg/L)、锌(0.05、0.5、1、2 mg/L)配施对蕹菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在一定浓度范围内(硒浓度2 mg/L,0.05 mg/L锌浓度2 mg/L),同浓度锌与不同浓度硒配合施用,硒浓度越小蕹菜产量越高;同浓度硒与不同浓度锌配合施用,产量均为锌0.5 mg/L的处理最高。而低锌(0.05 mg/L)条件下,随着配施硒浓度的增加,蕹菜产量先增加后降低。当锌硒浓度均为2 mg/L时,蕹菜生长受阻,产量下降,且出现中毒现象。其中锌浓度为0.5 mg/L、硒浓度为0.05 mg/L的处理蕹菜长势最好,产量最高。与对照相比,硒锌配施增加了蕹菜锌、硒、Vc、蛋白质以及可溶性总糖的含量,但对蕹菜硝酸盐含量的影响不显著,其中,硒、锌浓度均为1 mg/L的处理对提高蕹菜营养品质的效果最好。但是,总体而言,硒锌配施最理想的水平是硒浓度为0.05 mg/L、锌浓度为0.5 mg/L,因为此配施浓度显著增加了蕹菜产量(产量是硒、锌浓度均为1 mg/L的处理近3倍),而且还提高了蕹菜的品质。