油气管道的风险分析（续完）

如果管道发生事故，由于泄漏物的危险性及泄漏点的环境状况不同而产生后果的严重程度，用泄漏冲击指数表示，它取决于介质危险性和影响系数，介质危险分当前危险和长期危险，而影响系数由不同介质及人口状况确定。参考美国有关部门推荐的介质危险性评分及影响系数可评定出泄漏冲击指数，其值越大，危险性越高。根据引起管道事故的第三方破坏、腐蚀、设计、操作四方面原因的破坏指数和泄漏冲击指数，可确定管道的相对风险数在０￣２０     

油罐加热盘管泄漏回水检测工艺

介绍了一种储油罐加热盘管泄漏锅炉回水检测技术，给出了其在实际应用中的特定工艺规程。检测方法为利用油、水的物性差异，在储罐原有的加热盘管回水管道系统中增设观察玻璃管和分离凹槽，对加热盘管的泄漏及回水带油现象进行检测，该项技术也同样适用于不相容且密度不同的两种液体的分离及定性检测。     

离子注入水稻诱发当代损伤效应的研究

籼型转基因水稻种子为材料 ,用不同的离子种类、能量和剂量进行辐照 ,采用 3因子 3水平 9个处理的正交试验 ,调查离子束注入对诱变当代幼苗存活率及幼苗生长速度起主导作用的物理因子 ,以研究离子注入水稻诱发当代损伤的效应。结果发现 ,影响存活率效应最大的是注入离子的能量 ,以低能量 (15kev)的离子注入效果最佳 ;影响苗期生长的主效因子是注入离子的种类 ,以Ar+ 为最佳     

Hydrus-2D模拟起垄覆膜处理对夏玉米生育期水量平衡的影响

为探究起垄和覆膜处理对辽西北半干旱区夏玉米生育期水量平衡的影响,该研究在建平县节水灌溉试验站将田间试验与Hydrus-2D模拟相结合,探究各典型年夏玉米生育期水量平衡的变化规律。结果表明：Hydrus-2D模型能够有效地对起垄和覆膜处理后夏玉米生育期的下垫面降雨入渗过程进行模拟,各下垫面实测值与模拟值的R²均不小于0.87,均方根误差均小于0.01 cm³/cm³;覆膜后各典型年的蒸发量平均减少52.24 mm,蒸腾量平均增加31.84 mm;覆膜会抑制多日持续降雨期间的深层渗漏速率,促进单日超过40 mm降雨的雨后深层渗漏速率;覆膜能减少作物生育期的农田耗水量（蒸发量,蒸腾量和深层渗漏量之和）,使各典型年的平均农田耗水量减少25.74 mm,增加覆膜垄作处理的覆膜宽度能够进一步减少作物生育期的农田耗水量。因此,在辽西北半干旱区进行起垄和覆膜对缓解该地区的农业缺水紧张情势,丰富农田生育期水分转化结构的相关理论具有重要作用。     

EFFECT OF MIXED-SALT SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS OF A QUINOA AND A WHEAT VARIETY

ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most widespread and prevalent problems in irrigated agriculture. Many members of the family Chenopodiaceae are classified as salt tolerant. One member of this family, which is of increasing interest, is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) which is able to grow on poorer soils. Salinity sensitivity studies of quinoa were conducted in the greenhouse on the cultivar, “Andean Hybrid” to determine if quinoa had useful mechanisms for salt tolerant studies. For salt treatment we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments (EC_i ) ranging from 3, 7, 11, to 19?dS?m^?1 were achieved by adding MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaCl₂ to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added incrementally over a four-day period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salt served as the non-saline control solution (3?dS?m^?1). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. For comparative purposes, we also examined Yecora Rojo, a semi-dwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L. With respect to salinity effects on growth in quinoa, we found no significant reduction in plant height or fresh weight until the electrical conductivity exceeded 11?dS?m^?1. The growth was characteristic of a halophyte with a significant increase in leaf area at 11?dS?m^?1 as compared with 3?dS?m^?1 controls. As to wheat, plant fresh and dry weight, canopy height, and leaf area did not differ between controls (3?dS?m^?1) and plants grown at 7?dS?m^?1. Beyond this threshold, however, plant growth declined. While both quinoa and wheat exhibited increasing Na⁺ accumulation with increasing salinity levels, the percentage increase was greater in wheat. Examination of ion ratios indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both species. The decrease was more dramatic in wheat. A similar observation was also made with respect to the Ca²⁺:Na⁺ ratios. However, a difference between the two species was found with respect to changes in the level of K⁺ in the plant. In quinoa, leaf K⁺ levels measured at 19?dS?m^?1 had decreased by only 7% compared with controls. Stem K⁺ levels were not significantly affected. In wheat, shoot K⁺ levels had decreased by almost 40% at 19?dS?m^?1. Correlated with these findings, we measured no change in the K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity with increasing salinity in quinoa leaves and only a small increase in stems. In wheat however, K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity at 3?dS?m^?1 was much higher than in quinoa and decreased significantly across the four salinity levels tested. A similar situation was also noted with Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity. We concluded that the greater salt tolerance found in quinoa relative to wheat may be due to a variety of mechanisms.     

Early Supplies of Available Nitrogen to Seed‐Row of a Canola Crop as Affected by Fertilizer Placement

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Star City (legal location SW6‐45‐16‐W2); Saskatchewan, Canada from May 2000 to June 2000, to measure nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply rates from fertilizer bands to the seed‐row of canola crop. Ion exchange resin membrane probes (PRS^TM) were used to measure N and P supply rates in four treatments [80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as side‐row band, 80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as mid‐row band, check/no N (side‐row)/P side‐row, check/no N (mid‐row)/seed placed P]. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two anion and cation exchange resin probes (PRS^TM) were placed in each plot in the seed‐row immediately after seeding and fertilizing. The probes were allowed to remain in the field for 2 days and replaced with another set of probes every 4 days for a total of 14 days until canola emerged. Ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and P supply rates were calculated based on the ion accumulated on the probes. Urea side‐row band treatments (fertilizer N 2.5 cm to side of every seed‐row) had significantly higher cumulative available N supply rates than mid‐row band placement in which fertilizer N was placed 10 cm from the seed‐row in between every second seed‐row. No significant differences were observed in P supply rates. The higher N rates (120 kg N ha^?1) resulted in lower grain yield in side‐row banding than mid‐row banding possibly due to seedling damage. However, the earlier fluxes of N into the seed‐row observed with side‐row banding may be an advantage at lower N rates in N deficient soils.     

Silicon-induced changes in growth,ionic composition,water relations,chlorophyll contents and membrane permeability in two salt-stressed wheat genotypes

We investigated the effect of exogenously applied silicon (Si) on the growth and physiological attributes of wheat grown under sodium chloride salinity stress in two independent experiments. In the first experiment, two wheat genotypes SARC-3 (salt tolerant) and Auqab 2000 (salt sensitive) were grown in nutrient solution containing 0 and 100 mM sodium chloride supplemented with 2 mM Si or not. Salinity stress substantially reduced shoot and root dry matter in both genotypes; nonetheless, reduction in shoot dry weight was (2.6-fold) lower in SARC-3 than in Auqab 2000 (5-fold). Application of Si increased shoot and root dry weight and plant water contents in both normal and saline conditions. Shoot Na⁺ and Na⁺:K⁺ ratio also decreased with Si application under stress conditions. In the second experiment, both genotypes were grown in normal nutrient solution with and without 2 mM Si. After 12 days, seedlings were transferred to 1-l plastic pots and 150 mM sodium chloride salinity stress was imposed for 10 days to all pots. Shoot growth, chlorophyll content and membrane permeability were improved by Si application. Improved growth of salt-stressed wheat by Si application was mainly attributed to improved plant water contents in shoots, chlorophyll content, decreased Na⁺ and increased K⁺ concentrations in shoots as well as maintained membrane permeability.     

不同载荷分布型式下轴流泵叶顶间隙流特性研究

轴流泵叶顶泄漏流对水泵内外特性有重要影响,从控制叶片载荷角度建立了轮缘载荷分布型式与叶顶泄漏流的关系。基于三维反问题设计方法设计得到了具有前载、中载和后载3种典型轮缘载荷分布型式的轴流泵叶轮模型,采用三维湍流模拟技术研究了上述3种轮缘载荷分布型式对轴流泵叶顶泄漏流及其诱导的泄漏涡流动的影响。结果表明,相对于轮缘前载型叶轮和轮缘中载型叶轮,轮缘后载型叶轮可有效消除叶片进口附近低压区,有利于叶轮空化性能;小流量工况性能有所提高,有效抑制流量扬程曲线的驼峰现象;同时轮缘后载型叶轮具有更好的小流量工况压力脉动性能。     

玉米大斑病菌HT—毒素对玉米细胞膜透性和Vc氧化酶、PPO活性的影响

本文以土培盆栽玉米幼苗为试材，研究了玉米大斑病菌粗毒素和标准毒素（5—羟甲基—2—呋喃甲醛）胁迫下，玉米幼苗叶片细胞膜透性和叶片内Vc氧化酶、PPO活性的变化。结果表明，毒素处理12小时，玉米幼苗叶片内Vc氧化酶活性下降，PPO活性升高，而且升高和降低的程度与毒素浓度呈正相关；毒素处理24小时，两种酶活性均不同程度在恢复。试验结果还发现，HT—毒素处理玉米叶片后，细胞膜透性增大．     

基于有限脉冲反应和径向基神经网络的触电信号识别

针对农村低压电网剩余电流保护与动作技术中,如何检测总泄漏电流中人体触电支路电流的难题,该文利用严格线性相位与任意幅度特性的FIR（finite impulse response）数字滤波技术和具有自适应性与最佳逼近特性的RBF（radial basis function）神经网络有机结合,提出一种基于FIR数字滤波的RBF神经网络作为触电电流信号的检测方法。首先,采用FIR数字滤波器选定合适的窗函数和滤波阶数,对触电试验获得的总泄漏电流及触电电流进行滤波预处理;然后,将预处理后的信号波形作为样本集,选定适合的RBF函数,建立从总泄漏电流中提取触电电流波形的3层RBF神经网络模型。仿真试验结果表明：该方法速度快且稳定,检测值与实际值的平均相对误差为3.76%,具有良好的适应性和实用性,对于研制新一代剩余电流保护动作装置具有重要意义。