环境温度对LNG泄漏扩散影响的数值模拟

环境温度导致的气云密度差和大气湍流变化是LNG泄漏扩散的主要影响因素,研究环境温度变化对LNG扩散规律的影响尤为重要。采用Fluent软件中组分输运和Realizable k-ε湍流模型,建立LNG地面泄漏气云扩散数值模型,探究环境温度对LNG泄漏扩散过程中甲烷体积分数的分布规律、气云密度、大气湍流强度的影响。结果表明:当环境温度较低时,LNG气云中各甲烷体积分数线出现"锯齿状"现象,造成甲烷爆炸下限(Low Flammability Limit,LFL)、1/2 LFL的水平扩散范围均增大;当环境温度较高时,甲烷LFL最远扩散距离较低温环境多115 m,造成甲烷1/2 LFL的水平顺风方向扩散距离增大;甲烷体积分数大于1/2 LFL的区域的大气湍流强度增幅则随温度升高而增加,而甲烷体积分数小于1/2 LFL的区域的大气湍流强度增幅随温度的升高而减小;在泄漏源周围100~200 m内,由于"逆温"所造成的大气湍流强度的增幅达0.79倍。研究结果可为LNG泄漏危害区域预测、安全储运、应急救援提供参考。     

Erythrocyte migration and gap formation in rabbit blood clots in vitro

Thrombolytic agents must be carried by the blood circulation to thrombi to exert their functions. Structural gaps exist between blood vessels and thrombi or in the area surrounding thrombi. Therefore, information about fundamental gap formation at thrombotic areas is critically important for thrombolytic therapy. We previously reported that t-PA accelerates the activities of bovine erythrocytes and hemoglobin (Hb) towards bovine plasminogen activation. Here, we examined gap generation by observing morphological changes during thrombolytic processes in rabbit blood clots deformation of erythrocytes from blood clots and Hb transfer from erythrocytes to serum in vitro. Rabbit venous blood samples (1 ml) were stored under sterile conditions in glass tubes at 37°C for 2, 24, 48 h, 1, and 2 weeks. We examined clot diameter, erythrocyte diameter and number as well as Hb volume in the serum, as well as histological changes in the clots. The diameter of blood clots did not change until 2 weeks after sampling. Erythrocyte diameter decreased within 48 h and at 2 weeks after sampling at the clot surface (p < 0.001) and interior (p < 0.001). The number of erythrocytes in the serum started to increase starting from 24 h after sampling (p < 0.01). Serum Hb volume also gradually increased from 24 h until 2 weeks after sampling (p < 0.01). The erythrocyte envelope became disrupted and cytoplasm started to flow through pores into the serum at 24 h. The results indicated that blood clots are reduced due to clot retraction, erythrocyte dissociation and cytoplasm leakage without a distinct fibrinolytic reaction. These results indicated that gaps start to form between 2 and 24 h after blood clotting.     

盐胁迫下胡杨的离子响应

分析土壤和植物组织中的各种离子关系,发现胡杨对盐分不是简单的抿吸机制;对根系环境中的ＮａＣｌ,胡杨吸收的钠离子显著少于不耐盐的杂种胡杨,而吸收的氯离子却大大超过后者,这与以往报道盐胁迫的胡杨根细胞中形成大量富含氯离子的小液泡是一致的,是一种特殊的区隔化构造,与杂种胡杨相比,胡杨有相对较发达的茎干组织,根和茎干占植株总生物量的比例较大,能吸收和储存有害盐离子而减少其进入叶组织,这是胡杨抗盐性的形态解     

盐分处理对3种杨树离子吸收规律的影响

对意大利杨,群众杨和胡杨分别进行了盐分处理,处理后的第１周发现不同处理对钠Ｎａ＾＋和Ｃｌ＾－的吸收有显著的影响,意大利杨和群众杨对盐分离子的吸收随盐分处理浓度的升高而升高,而胡杨却不是这样,相对其它两种杨树而言,胡杨较低的盐分吸收很可能是由于其离子选择能力较高所造成的。     

裸岩石砾地客土土体结构对水肥渗漏的影响

针对裸岩石砾地利用客土法整治后新增耕地存在失水失肥的现象,以秦岭北麓某荒石滩新增耕地客土耕层作为模拟研究对象,将供试土壤以不同容重分层填装试验土柱,并对其进行了水分入渗试验,分析了裸岩石砾地人为耕作层结构的水分、养分渗漏特征。通过对5种耕作层结构的模拟渗漏试验,结果表明:(1)人为耕层土壤初始渗漏能力和渗漏速率与模拟心土层容重呈负相关关系,其入渗过程可用修正后的Kostiakov入渗模型进行模拟;(2)心土层土壤容重对累积入渗量、入渗速率及养分流失量均有较大影响,并呈负相关关系;(3)分析养分总渗漏量显示,存在一个最优耕层结构,在此耕层结构具有较好的保肥效果。通过综合分析水肥渗漏状况,确定最优耕层结构自下而上容重分别为1.5,1.3,1.2g/cm3。     

覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响

为了明确裸岩石砾地土地整治工程中人为构建耕作层的合理覆土厚度,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响。根据裸岩石砾地土地整治工程特点,试验共设计4个覆土厚度,分别为5,10,15,20cm,土柱底部装填5cm厚直径为10mm的玻璃珠,试验从土柱下端出水开始记时,共接取渗漏液6h。结果表明:(1)较厚的土层具有较好的保水蓄水能力和较强的土体稳定性,4个土层厚度的水分渗漏量均随着土层厚度增加而减小,水分渗漏速率表现为先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定的趋势;(2)土壤颗粒迁出量与土层厚度呈负相关关系,土壤颗粒累积迁出量与土层厚度的拟合关系式为:y=3.19e-0.11x(R2=0.96);(3)水分渗漏前期往往伴随着大量土壤颗粒的迁出,且土层越薄,水分渗漏量和土壤颗粒迁出量越大,随着渗漏过程的进行土壤颗粒迁出量逐渐减小;(4)迁出颗粒中粉粒含量最高,黏粒次之,砂粒含量最低,且不同粒径土壤颗粒随时间的迁出特征也不同。研究结果为裸岩石砾地土地整治提供了科学依据。     

离子色谱法测定植物样品中氯溴的研究

建立了程序升温-艾斯卡半熔-离子色谱法测定理植物样品中氯溴含量的方法,研究了植物样品中氯溴的色谱分析条件.氯、溴检出限分别为10×10-6,0.13×10-6,测定范围分别为0.3～20.0 mg/L,4.0～120.0 μg/L.该法适合于植物样品中氯溴量的测定.     

Effect of salinity on tissue nutrient contents of the four dryland tree species of Indus flood plains

Salinity is a common issue of semi-arid and arid lands rendering them unfit for agriculture. Saline wastelands can be converted into productive ecosystems by rehabilitating them with salt tolerant native tree species. The objective of this work was to study the effect of NaCl salinity on tissue nutrient contents of the four dryland tree species. Saplings were grown in pots under nonsaline and high salinity conditions. After eighteen weeks the plants were harvested and their tissue nutrient contents were analyzed. Results revealed that all species accumulated high amounts of Na⁺ under saline conditions, while concentrations of N, P and Mg²⁺ decreased in their tissues. Concentrations of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ showed more variable trend in various tissues in response to increase in soil salinity. Na⁺: K⁺ ratios of roots (1.57), stems (1.27), and leaves (1.66) of salinized Salvadora oleoides plants were lowest among all the four species. Root Na⁺: K⁺ ratio of salinized plants was significantly higher for Prosopis cineraria (7.10), while these ratios for stem (1.85) and leaf (3.42) were highest for Tamarix aphylla. Plants of P. cineraria showed lowest Stem-Na⁺/root-Na⁺ ratio (0.30) when subjected to salinity. Results showed that salinity induces nutrient deficiency in all species. Salinity tolerance of these species can be attributed to their ability to (i) restrict translocation of Na⁺ from roots to stem; (ii) keeping low tissue Na⁺: K⁺ ratios; and (iii) selectivity of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ over Na⁺, and can be used for the screening of salt-tolerant ecotypes for the rehabilitation of saline wastelands.     

贵州石漠化地区地下漏失水土理化性质特征

以贵州石漠化地区的3个洞穴为研究对象,通过对其地表土与地下漏失水土进行监测与采样分析,研究了不同地质环境条件中地表土壤与洞穴漏失水土的理化性质特征。结果表明,地表石漠化程度越高,岩溶裂隙管道的联通性越强,地下漏失水的滴率变幅越大,漏失土中的粘粒含量越低;在相同岩性条件下,石漠化程度越高,地表土壤pH值与元素含量越高;石将军洞漏失水Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Sr~(2+)浓度平均值分别为31.48,17.65,0.026mg/L,韩家冲洞分别为58.39,2.49,0.074mg/L,荣发洞分别为38.29,25.33,0.037mg/L;受岩性差异影响,韩家冲洞漏失水中的Mg~(2+)浓度相对较低,Ca~(2+)、Sr~(2+)浓度相对较高;受气候条件差异影响,荣发洞洞漏失水中的Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Sr~(2+)浓度均高于石将军洞;洞穴漏失水对漏失土长期的化学侵蚀作用导致漏失土pH值与元素含量高于地表土。     

喀斯特典型坡耕地模拟降雨条件下的土壤侵蚀响应

为了定量研究不同降雨强度、坡度和孔(裂)隙度条件下坡耕地土壤侵蚀响应和空间分布特征,采用人工模拟降雨试验,通过模拟喀斯特典型坡耕地耕作层和微地貌特征以及孔裂隙构造特征,研究土壤侵蚀响应和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)15,30mm/h降雨强度时地表不产流,水土流失形式为地下漏失;50mm/h降雨强度时地表产流产沙,水土流失也以地下漏失为主,地下径流出现最大值。50mm/h以上降雨强度时,土壤侵蚀逐渐向地表侵蚀转变,地表、地下径流泥沙分配呈负相关;(2)在一定条件下,坡度增大,地表径流泥沙量增加,地下径流量减小,当坡度在10°~15°时地表径流泥沙量急剧增加,25°时坡面产流产沙量达到最大值,其中20°坡面径流泥沙与25°接近;地下泥沙与坡度、孔(裂)隙度间变化规律不明显。(3)径流空间分配特征以地下径流为主,其中90 mm/h降雨强度以地表侵蚀为主。(4)降雨强度、坡度和孔(裂)隙度等因子对地表径流及地下径流的影响程度依次为降雨强度坡度孔(裂)隙度。总之,喀斯特坡耕地以地下漏失为主,地表产流之前随雨强增大而增大,地表径流产生后则反之,极端暴雨(90mm/h)下以地表侵蚀为主;降雨强度对水土流失影响程度最大,其次坡度,再次孔(裂)隙度。