输气管道泄漏音波的产生及传播特性

对输气管道泄漏音波的产生和传播特性进行研究,分析了泄漏音波产生的形式,获得了音波信号的时域、频域及时频特征。结果显示：泄漏音波主要由介质与管道相互作用产生的单极子、偶极子和四极子声源所引起,表现为时域上能量突变,但所占时域较窄,所占频域较宽,主要能量集中在0-100Hz。利用软件对泄漏音波在特殊管件（弯管、变径、分支）中的传播特性进行模拟研究,并利用高压输气管道泄漏装置进行试验研究,分析了泄漏音波信号的传播规律,确定了影响音波信号衰减的主要因素。结果显示：音波在管内以平面波形式传播,随着传播距离的增大,音波基本呈指数规律衰减,在较低泄漏量下,泄漏音波信号幅值基本与泄漏孔径无关：音波信号经弯管和直管的损失基本为0,经分支和变径管损失较大。根据拟合计算结果,对于现有型号的音波传感器,其理论安装距离可达100km,利于长输管道的泄漏检测。     

成品油管道泄漏监测难点与对策

国内外长输管道泄漏监测技术主要有流量平衡法、实时模型法、统计分析法及负压波法。针对成品油管道的运行特点,分析了负压波泄漏监测技术难点,对顺序输送工况下的信号波速进行了定量计算,对多分输、调控频繁等工况下的信号变化进行了定性描述,介绍了成品油管道泄漏监测系统应具备的主要性能。将音波-负压波联合监测方法作为成品油管道泄漏监测的解决方案,并给出泄漏判定准则及泄漏监测流程。兰成渝成品油管道的模拟测试及现场应用结果表明,该解决方案效果良好,且各项指标均符合相关要求。     

在线式水田渗透量监测仪的研究

目前测量渗透量的方法主要是用改进的日式渗漏仪目测测管的刻度来计算渗透量。但不能实现实时监测的目的,为了实现对稻田渗透量的实时监测,设计了一种在线式水田渗透量监测仪。其硬件主要包括水箱、渗桶、液位仪、土壤水分传感器、泵、无线模块、主机。以MSP430单片机为核心,土壤水分传感器和液位传感器把水分和液位信息传到单片机,供水泵由液位或水分值来控制,实现饱和渗透量的测量及非饱和渗透量的测量,用无线模块把数据传输到监测室的上位机。通过试验,采集的数据满足精度要求,给灌区的规划管理、合理运行、水资源的合理调配与实施节水灌溉提供了可靠的渗透量数据。     

农村户用沼气慢漏气原因分析及措施

本文对农村户用沼气慢漏气现象进行探讨,对其原因进行分析,并提出解决沼气慢漏气的措施和建议。     

低能氮离子注入三色堇、角堇种子的生物学效应

本试验设置5个不同剂量低能氮离子注入三色堇、角堇干燥种子,研究观测低能氮离子对三色堇、角堇种子发芽生长及开花的影响.结果表明,当剂量达到2000×2.5×1013 ion/cm2时,三色堇种子发芽率明显低于对照,角堇种子发芽率略低于对照;发现4个三色堇变异株和2个角堇变异株,在花色、花径、株形等生物学性状上表现出变异.     

铁磁构件裂纹漏磁场分析及裂纹检测装置

针对铁磁材料构件裂纹损伤检测方法和仪器应用技术现状,建立了基于磁荷理论的V型裂纹漏磁场分析模型,得出了平板铁磁构件表面指定探测点的漏磁场理论表达式.采用MATLAB软件将所推导数学模型绘图,得出了漏磁场的法向分量Hy与裂纹开口宽度的关系曲线、漏磁场的法向分量Hy与裂纹深度的关系曲线、漏磁场的法向分量Hy与裂纹长度的关系曲线;得出裂纹漏磁场法向分量Hy过零点、漏磁场切向分量Hx出现最大值和漏磁场切向分量Hz出现裂纹端部过零点的漏磁场分布特性.根据理论分析得出的裂纹漏磁场特征,设计制作了阵列式的裂纹检测装置和试验平台,并对带有V型裂纹的铁磁构件进行检测.实验表明:理论分析得出的三维漏磁场与检测结果能够较好的吻合,并对分析预测裂纹的几何参数具有一定的参考意义,根据漏磁模型研制的检测装置能探测铁磁构件的裂纹缺陷.     

Late Autumn Frost Resistance of Twelve North European Provenances of Quercus Species

Twelve north European oak provenances [11 Quercus robur L. and one Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl] were tested for late autumn frost hardiness using visual methods and measurements of relative conductivity. Tissue from buds and twigs from 2-yr-old seedlings was used. The test was carried out in November and December. Temperatures between ?20 and ?32°C were necessary to cause serious damage to tissue, even when tissues were tested only a few weeks after leaf fall. Visual methods proved to be fast and could be applied in practical test applications. Estimation of twig viability was found to be a more reliable variable than bud assessment, which appears to be sensitive and not necessarily related to plant mortality. Relative conductivity is a more labour-intensive method and requires some technical equipment, but it provided the most consistent statistical results. Strong correlation between the visual methods and relative conductivity was demonstrated. Provenances originating from locations close to the Atlantic ocean (The Netherlands, the UK, Denmark and Norway) tended to be less frost resistant than more continental provenances (from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Poland). Frost tolerance was correlated with budset, but not with growth of the provenances. The results confirm the existence of specific ecotypes and suggest a high potential for adaptation in Q. robur.     

Preplanting indicators of survival and growth of desiccated Abies procera bareroot planting stock

Plant moisture loss during preplanting handling is considered one of the major elements in transplanting shock. The aim of the present study was to evaluate test parameters that may be suitable for assessment of the physiological condition of noble fir (Abies procera Rehd.) planting stock that has been subjected to desiccation stress. The transplanting-sensitive species was subjected to full exposure (roots and shoots) for 0, 0.5, 1.5, 3.0 and 6?h, or partial exposure (shoots) for 0, 3, 10, and 24?h before planting. The effects of desiccation on moisture content (MC), shoot water potential (ψ), root growth potential (RGP), root electrolyte leakage (REL), survival and height growth were evaluated. Desiccation effects on plant parameters and performance were generally significant after 1.5?h of full or 10?h of partial exposure to treatment. REL explained the largest percentage of performance variation in fully exposed plants, followed by MC and ψ. RGP tended to underestimate performance potential. Factors affecting the reliability of the test parameters, e.g. moisture loss rate, root rewetting and site conditions, are discussed.     

颗粒体积浓度对半开式叶轮离心泵泄漏涡和磨损的影响

固液两相流条件下半开式叶轮离心泵中颗粒冲击、泄漏涡发展和颗粒轨迹之间存在紧密交互作用,导致过流部件的磨损行为复杂多变。该研究结合双向耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法和颗粒磨损Finnie模型,对不同颗粒体积浓度下半开式叶轮离心泵固液两相流场进行求解,分析了颗粒体积浓度对泄漏涡结构特征、颗粒运移轨迹和磨损特性的影响,揭示了颗粒体积浓度、叶顶间隙泄漏涡和过流部件表面磨损规律的关联机制。结果表明：随着颗粒体积浓度的增加,颗粒的频繁撞击加剧了叶片压力面进水边和后盖板磨损程度,叶片吸力面出水边的磨损范围向进水边方向延伸;颗粒体积浓度小于1%时,颗粒的轴向运动和叶顶间隙泄漏涡的阻碍作用导致颗粒易与叶片前缘靠近叶根处和吸力面出水边靠近叶顶的区域发生撞击,诱发严重磨损,且呈现点状磨损;当颗粒体积浓度大于3%时,叶轮后盖板的整体磨损强度大于叶片,颗粒体积浓度的增加造成流入叶顶间隙层的颗粒数增加,颗粒对叶顶间隙泄漏涡的冲击导致涡流的破碎、分离、再融合,加剧不稳定流动,泵的扬程和效率均明显下降。该研究可为固液两相半开式叶轮离心泵优化设计和安全稳定运行提供理论参考。