酶法制备绿豆多肽的研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶对绿豆蛋白进行水解,确定了水解绿豆蛋白制备绿豆多肽的最佳水解条件为最适pH为6.5,底物浓度7%,酶浓度为底物的8%,水解温度45℃,水解时间为4h。同时测定了绿豆蛋白水解前后的功能性质,结果表明得到的绿豆多肽的黏度、溶解度及乳化性、起泡性等得到了明显改善,适于在食品工业中应用。     

普通菜豆抗旱生理特性

采用盆栽试验,以抗旱性较好的品种跃进豆、260205和敏感品种奶花芸豆为试材,设置干旱和正常供水2种处理,测定产量、产量构成因素及相关生理生化指标,分析干旱胁迫下参试品种各性状及生理指标的变化及对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,干旱处理36 d,跃进豆和260205的根干重为总生物量的20.2%和20.6%,荚干重为总生物量的30.0% 和28.9%,而奶花芸豆的根干重和荚干重仅为总生物量的10.6%和17.1%,光合产物向根系和籽粒的有效分配与普通菜豆抗旱性关系密切;跃进豆在干旱胁迫后期的水分利用效率较对照增加 230.5%,而奶花芸豆的增幅仅为84.3%,较高的水分利用效率有利于CO₂的有效扩散和高效固定;其他生理特性分析表明,抗氧化酶与光呼吸共同作用有效降低了膜脂过氧化程度,减少了叶片的损伤;脯氨酸和可溶性糖是普通菜豆主要的渗透调节物质,能够较好地保持自身叶片的水分平衡。普通菜豆抗旱性是多种生理调节机制协同作用的结果,主要包括形态调节、气孔调节、渗透调节以及抗氧化能力的调节等。     

普通菜豆品种苗期抗旱性鉴定

以不同来源的普通菜豆品种为材料,采用盆栽法,设正常供水和反复干旱2种处理,测定11项生理指标,采用灰色关联度理论进行苗期抗旱性指标筛选,通过加权抗旱指数(weighted drought-resistance index,WDI值)和抗旱度量值D(drought resistance comprehensive evaluation values,D值)对供试材料进行抗旱性综合评价并通过聚类分析划分抗旱等级。结果表明,不同指标与综合抗旱指数的关联度大小依次为叶片相对含水量(0.7726)、PSII最大量子产量(0.7607)、叶绿素含量(0.7435)、反复干旱存活率(0.7341)、生物量(0.7329)、茎叶干重(0.7314)、根干重(0.7192)、气孔导度(0.7159)、根冠比(0.7092)、株高(0.7086)、叶面积(0.6910)。基于加权抗旱指数和抗旱度量值D的评价结果存在一定差异,但不同材料的抗旱性排序大体一致。根据抗旱度量值D将供试材料分为高抗、中抗、敏感和高敏感4个级别,各占总数的10%、6%、58%和26%。综上所述,叶片相对含水量、PSII最大量子产量和叶绿素含量等10项指标可用于普通菜豆苗期抗旱性综合评价;加权抗旱指数与抗旱度量值D两种综合指标相结合能够提高鉴定结果的可靠性;50个参试普通菜豆品种中,白金德利豆、跃进豆、兔子腿、圆白菜豆和260205抗旱性强。     

鸡粪对芸豆土壤有机碳氧化稳定性与碳库管理指数的影响

为探讨鸡粪与化肥不同比例配施对芸豆/玉米轮作土壤有机碳氧化稳定性及碳库管理指数的影响,通过2009—2014年大田试验,研究了N100(尿素提供100%的氮)、M10N90(鸡粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、M30N70(鸡粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(鸡粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等不同施肥处理对芸豆/玉米轮作土壤有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化碳(ROC)含量及有机碳氧化稳定性与碳库管理指数(CPMI)的影响。结果表明,M_(10)N_(90)、M30N70和M50N50处理的TOC含量分别比N100处理提高5.21%、12.74%和19.87%;M_(30)N_(70)处理的MBC、ROC含量和CPMI均最高,并显著高于其他处理,其中ROC含量分别较N100、M10N90和M50N50处理提高54.03%、16.50%和10.43%,CPMI分别提高75.10、30.75和27.94;但M30N70处理的有机碳氧化稳定系数显著低于其他处理,并较N100处理下降35.95%。此外,该处理能显著提高芸豆产量,明显改善品质,且影响效果明显优于其他处理。相关性分析表明,芸豆产量、维生素C含量与MBC、ROC、有机碳氧化稳定系数和CPMI之间有极显著或显著的相关性,各指标间具有紧密的内在联系。综合分析认为,在芸豆/玉米轮作种植中配施鸡粪措施有利于提高土壤质量,增强土壤供肥性能,并促进芸豆的高产优质生长,其中鸡粪氮与尿素氮以3∶7比例搭配的作用效果最佳。     

Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.     

DEHP对土壤脱氢酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响

选用肥熟旱耕人为土(黄棕壤),设置了在土壤中施加100 mg kg-1 DEHP与不施加DEHP两个水平,盆栽试验研究了DEHP对土壤脱氢酶活性以及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以及植物在污染土壤中的修复作用。结果表明,施加DEHP显著抑制了土壤脱氢酶活性,30 d时与对照相比降低了约30%, 第60 d时尽管有缓慢的回升,但仍明显低于对照(p<0.05)。从BIOLOG反应的结果可以看出,DEHP也显著影响土壤微生物的功能多样性,土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数和均度均显著低于无污染的对照,说明DEHP的污染导致了土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降。种植植物对土壤脱氢酶和微生物活性有很明显的促进作用,并且在一定程度上缓解了DEHP的毒害作用,但并未消除DEHP对土壤微生物的影响。     

猪粪便污水PSB液肥化及其对绿豆插条不定根发生的促进作用

研究结果表明,用猪粪便污水培养光合细菌(简称PSB)生产PSB液肥是可行的,但须进行预酸化处理;猪粪便污水发酵液(CODcr2 173 mg/L)通过8 d培养获得的光合细菌液肥PSB含量可达4.5×108MPN/mL。采用蒸馏水、“绿泉”植物营养液和光合细菌液肥(分别稀释50、100、200和400倍)等6种供试液进行绿豆不定根发生生物试验。结果表明:光合细菌液肥能明显促进绿豆插条不定根发生,其中稀释200倍液的绿豆不定根数量、长度和生物量与蒸馏水处理相比,分别增加24%、57%和73%,而且不定根出现时间比蒸馏水提早3 d。猪粪便污水光合细菌液肥化技术,可为农业循环经济的实施提供很好的技术支持,有助于禽畜养殖业的可持续发展。     

小豆SSR-PCR反应条件的优化

笔者对小豆SSR-PCR扩增体系的反应条件进行了优化,分析了Mg2+浓度、dNTP浓度、DNA模板浓度、引物浓度、Taq聚合酶浓度对PCR扩增结果的影响。结果表明:在10 μL的PCR反应体系中,Mg2+的最适浓度为2 mmol/L,dNTP最适浓度为0．25 mmool/L,反应体系中Taq聚合酶宜加入1 U,引物的最适浓度为 0．15 mmol/L,DNA模板加入量为20 ng。     

复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝模拟贮运期间品质的影响

研究大黄与五倍子复合涂膜保鲜剂涂膜对番荔枝模拟贮运期间贮藏品质的影响,明确该保鲜剂的保鲜效果。将保鲜剂涂膜的番荔枝作为处理组、未涂膜的果实作为对照(CK),分别置于加冰的泡沫箱中贮藏20 h模拟当地贮运技术,之后开箱放置于常温下贮藏,考察复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝感官品质及其生理生化的影响。结果表明,与CK组比较,经涂膜处理后番荔枝果实的裂果、烂果、霉果和失重情况明显改善,褐变指数和乙烯释放量显著降低;有效延缓了果实软化,延迟了呼吸高峰第1次出现的时间,抑制呼吸高峰的第2次出现, 可显著降低淀粉酶活性、减缓淀粉转化为可溶性固形物的速度。该保鲜剂可有效延缓番荔枝模拟贮运期间果实的衰老,起到较为理想的保鲜效果。     

Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.