五香豆干微波杀菌真空包装加工工艺研究

五香豆于是营养丰富又极难防腐保鲜的食品,进行了利用微波杀菌真空包装技术延长五香豆干货架期的研究.将五香豆干采用耐高温蒸煮袋包装,含水量控制在65％左右,在室内常温条件下采用的频率为2450 MHz微波杀菌120～180 s,在(36±1)℃温箱培养7d后,其含菌量不高于GB2711-2003要求,感官评分远远高于对照组...     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus uptake of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in alkaline soil environment

Abstract

Inoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P) transfer from composted dung of cattle with a diet supplemented with powdered rock phosphate (RP) and their successive uptake by mung bean plants was assessed in alkaline soil. The efficacy of composted RP fed dung alone or/and in combination with AMF inoculums containing six different species were compared with SSP in six replicates per treatment in pots. The results showed that the association of AMF with composted RP fed dung had a positive effect on mung bean shoot (3.04?g) and root (2.62?g) biomass, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoid contents and N (58.38?mg plant^?1) and P (4.61?mg plant^?1) uptake. Similarly, the percent roots colonization (56%) and nodulation of mung bean plant roots and their post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the inoculation of AMF together with composted RP fed dung. It is concluded that the combined application of AMF with composted RP fed dung has almost the same effect as SSP for improving mung bean plants growth and their nutrients uptake. Moreover, AMF inoculants can be used as a suitable biofertilizer in combination with locally available organic sources of fertilizers for improving P status and growth of plants in alkaline soils.     

红芸豆养分限制因子及养分吸收、积累和分配特征研究

研究红芸豆养分限制因子、植株干物质和氮、磷、钾养分积累及分配规律,可为红芸豆合理施肥及高产栽培提供理论依据。大田试验条件下,以‘英国红’红芸豆为试材,设置缺素试验,采集全施肥区植株样品,分析研究红芸豆不同生育时期各器官干物质量、养分含量及积累量。结果显示,氮磷钾配合全施显著提高红芸豆产量;缺氮、缺磷、缺钾处理与全施肥处理相比,产量分别降低14.2%、8.0%和11.3%,表明影响红芸豆产量的限制因子为氮钾磷。在整个生育期,红芸豆干物质累积速率先升高后降低;根、茎、荚皮和豆粒干物质累积量呈上升趋势,叶干物质在收获期有下降趋势,收获时不同部位干物质量为豆粒茎≈荚皮叶片根。随生育期推进,茎、叶和荚皮中氮含量呈递减趋势,豆粒中氮含量呈递增趋势,而各器官磷、钾含量呈递减趋势。盛花期到结荚期是养分累积最大期,其氮、磷、钾吸收量分别占整个生育期吸收总量的28.14%、49.22%和56.20%;不同器官吸收累积氮、磷、钾量不同,成熟期豆粒、叶、茎和根中均为累积氮最多、钾次之、磷最少,荚皮中累积钾最多、氮次之、磷最少。每生产100 kg红芸豆需供给N 4.37 kg、P2O5 2.38 kg、K2O 3.53 kg,比例为1∶0.54∶0.81。     

玉米行距变化对间作系统生产力及玉米生长的影响

间作系统中作物种间距离的变化直接影响着系统的生产力,因此,合理的种间配置是间作获得高产的前提。本研究总结归纳了2010年甘肃武威和2014年甘肃张掖的小麦/玉米、蚕豆/玉米间作系统玉米行距试验,旨在探明间作玉米在不同种植行距下对间作体系生产力的影响及玉米生长的差异。试验设置5个间作玉米的种植行距处理(D0:10 cm、D20:20 cm、D40:40 cm、D60:60cm、D80:80 cm),测定了作物产量、产量构成、生物量累积。结果表明:间作玉米行距变化对间作配对作物产量无显著影响,主要影响间作玉米产量;2010年,两间作体系间作玉米产量、体系混合产量、系统生产力(system productivity)均以D60最高,2014年均以D40最高;随玉米行距增大,系统生产力先增加后减小,拐点均出现在D60;玉米行距变化显著改变了玉米的穗粒数、百粒重、单株粒重;小麦/玉米体系,两年单株粒重峰值分别出现在D60(132 g·株~(-1))和D40(216 g·株~(-1));蚕豆/玉米体系均出现在D40,分别为158g·株~(-1)(2010年)和220 g·株~(-1)(2014年);不同行距处理下玉米共生期和单独生长期生长速率均存在差异,共生期各处理生长速率显著低于单独生长期,无论哪个时期,D40和D60处理的生长速率均占优。河西灌区小麦/玉米和蚕豆/玉米间作中玉米种植的最佳行距为40 cm和60 cm,此行距下间作系统可得到最大系统生产力。     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.     

不同脆化阶段草鱼肠道菌群动态变化、血清酶指标及生长性能

本研究旨在探讨草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)不同脆化阶段的肠道菌群组成结构、血清酶活性及生长性能,进而衡量脆肉鲩形成过程中的生理生化变化,以期为脆肉鲩的健康养殖提供科学数据.脆化不同阶段(30、60、90和120 d)的草鱼,在脆化结束后转投喂人工配合饲料30 d(第150天),鉴定整个过程中草鱼肠道菌群组成、血清酶活性和生长性能的变化.结果表明,60～150 d蚕豆组草鱼体重均低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),90～120 d蚕豆组草鱼头肾体指数(head kidney somatic index,HKBI)和肝体指数(hepatosomatic index,HSI)均低于对照组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),150 d时蚕豆组草鱼肝体指数与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05);蚕豆组草鱼血清碱性磷酸酶、溶菌酶和补体C3(第30天除外)活性均低于对照组的,在转投喂饲料后,3种血清酶活性均出现回升趋势;与对照组相比,蚕豆组草鱼肠道菌群多样性降低,芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)和鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium)等有益菌数量减少,维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)、温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)和鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)等条件致病菌数量增多.两组草鱼肠道核心菌群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria).本研究结果提示,随着脆化时间的增加,摄食蚕豆改变草鱼肠道菌群组成、抑制血清酶活性和生长性能,在转投饲料后其肠道菌群、血清酶活性及生长性能均有所改善.本研究结果对脆肉鲩的健康养殖具有重要的科学指导意义.     

纳米氧化锌对绿豆芽生长的影响

深入研究不同类型的纳米颗粒对不同植物物种具有的独特效应,可提高有关纳米物质对植物安全与风险的认知水平。为了对纳米物质生物效应的深入评估提供科学依据,测定了室温（25℃）浸种培养后绿豆芽的叶绿素、过氧化物酶活性、根长、茎长、鲜重、干重、蛋白质等生理指标及其可食部分的锌含量。结果表明,nano-ZnO和Zn2＋在较高浓度（50~1000mg.L-1）时均可抑制植物的生长,呈现出一定的植物毒性;相同浓度时,nano-ZnO较Zn2＋更有利于绿豆芽的生长和其可食部分锌的富集。最有利于绿豆芽生长和锌富集的nano-ZnO浓度为50mg.L-1,而Zn2＋浓度则为20mg.L-1。在促进生长的浓度范围内（0~50mg.L-1）,绿豆芽可食部分锌含量均小于国家食品锌标准含量值（20mg.kg-1）。可见,nano-ZnO可尝试应用于绿豆芽的农业生产活动,但在此之前须进一步开展其存在的环境、生态与人体健康风险研究。     

Proton toxicity interferes with the screening of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes for aluminium resistance in nutrient solution

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) proved to be very sensitive of low pH (4.3), with large genotypic differences in proton sensitivity. Therefore, proton toxicity did not allow the screening of common bean genotypes for aluminium (Al) resistance using the established protocol for maize (0.5 mM CaCl₂, 8 μM H₃BO₃, pH 4.3). Increasing the pH to 4.5, the Ca²⁺ concentration to 5 mM, and addition of 0.5 mM KCl fully prevented proton toxicity in 28 tested genotypes and allowed to identify differences in Al resistance using the inhibition of root elongation by 20 μM Al supply for 36 h as parameter of Al injury. As in maize, Al treatment induced callose formation in root apices of common bean. Aluminium‐induced callose formation well reflected the effect of Ca supply on Al sensitivity as revealed by root‐growth inhibition. Aluminum‐induced callose formation in root apices of 28 bean genotypes differing in Al resistance after 36 h Al treatment was positively correlated to Al‐induced inhibition of root elongation and Al contents in the root apices. However, the relationship was less close than previously reported for maize. Also, after 12 h Al treatment, callose formation and Al contents in root apices did not reflect differences in Al resistance between two contrasting genotypes, indicating a different mode of the expression of Al toxicity and regulation of Al resistance in common bean than in maize.     

DEHP对土壤脱氢酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响

选用肥熟旱耕人为土(黄棕壤),设置了在土壤中施加100 mg kg-1 DEHP与不施加DEHP两个水平,盆栽试验研究了DEHP对土壤脱氢酶活性以及土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响,以及植物在污染土壤中的修复作用。结果表明,施加DEHP显著抑制了土壤脱氢酶活性,30 d时与对照相比降低了约30%, 第60 d时尽管有缓慢的回升,但仍明显低于对照(p<0.05)。从BIOLOG反应的结果可以看出,DEHP也显著影响土壤微生物的功能多样性,土壤微生物群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数和均度均显著低于无污染的对照,说明DEHP的污染导致了土壤微生物群落功能多样性的下降。种植植物对土壤脱氢酶和微生物活性有很明显的促进作用,并且在一定程度上缓解了DEHP的毒害作用,但并未消除DEHP对土壤微生物的影响。     

普通菜豆抗旱生理特性

采用盆栽试验,以抗旱性较好的品种跃进豆、260205和敏感品种奶花芸豆为试材,设置干旱和正常供水2种处理,测定产量、产量构成因素及相关生理生化指标,分析干旱胁迫下参试品种各性状及生理指标的变化及对干旱胁迫的生理响应。结果表明,干旱处理36 d,跃进豆和260205的根干重为总生物量的20.2%和20.6%,荚干重为总生物量的30.0% 和28.9%,而奶花芸豆的根干重和荚干重仅为总生物量的10.6%和17.1%,光合产物向根系和籽粒的有效分配与普通菜豆抗旱性关系密切;跃进豆在干旱胁迫后期的水分利用效率较对照增加 230.5%,而奶花芸豆的增幅仅为84.3%,较高的水分利用效率有利于CO₂的有效扩散和高效固定;其他生理特性分析表明,抗氧化酶与光呼吸共同作用有效降低了膜脂过氧化程度,减少了叶片的损伤;脯氨酸和可溶性糖是普通菜豆主要的渗透调节物质,能够较好地保持自身叶片的水分平衡。普通菜豆抗旱性是多种生理调节机制协同作用的结果,主要包括形态调节、气孔调节、渗透调节以及抗氧化能力的调节等。