烟草综合利用现状及其前景

目前我国种植的烟草主要用作卷烟原料,但烟草栽培上的副产物以及卷烟工业中的废次物占其生物学产量一半以上,如何合理综合利用烟草关系到我国烟草农业以及卷烟工业的可持续发展。从烟草各个部位、卷烟工业废次物以及转基因烟草三个方面对国内外烟草综合利用的现状作一简要综述,并对烟草的综合利用前景进行展望。     

小卷蛾斯氏线虫对辣椒烟粉虱的控制作用

本文研究了小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci的侵染能力以及对田间辣椒烟粉虱的控制作用.结果表明,室温(28±2)℃,空气湿度(60±5)％,辣椒叶背面湿润的条件下,线虫约在4 h侵入烟粉虱若虫体内,2～3 d内致其死亡.不同浓度线虫对烟粉虱若虫的控制效果不同...     

Using the RUSLE to identify factors controlling erosion rates of mine soils

Observable differences in particle size, smoothness and compaction between cap site (slope 2·8 per cent) and batter site (slope 20·7 per cent) surfaces on the waste rock dump at Ranger Uranium Mine were quantified in terms of revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) parameter values. Cap site surface material had a K_m (erodibility corrected for sediment density) of 0·030 and batter site surface material had a K_m of 0·0056. Using these K_m values (derived from particle size distributions), slope length and steepness (LS) factors of 0·36 for the cap site and 3·66 for the batter site, and a cover (C) factor of 0·45 for the cap site and 0·16 for the batter site, the RUSLE predicts an erosion rate from the cap site that is 1·9 times greater than erosion from the much steeper batter site. The RUSLE indicates that the finer particle size and blocky soil structure of the cap site (D₅₀ = 0·91 mm) compared with the looser granular structure of the batter site (D₅₀ = 1·74 mm) strongly influence erosion. The predictions are similar to observed soil losses from erosion plots on these sites under rainfall simulation events, for which the measured erosion rate from the cap site was approximately twice that from the batter site. For the RUSLE to predict the observed erosion rates, the support practice (P) factor for the cap site would have to be approximately 30 per cent greater than the P factor for the batter site. The higher cap site P factor probably results from smoothing and compaction caused by vehicle movement across the surface. Compaction is considered to have greatly reduced infiltration capacity, thus increasing the erodibility of the cap site. Vehicles probably also crushed the surface material at the cap site, creating the observed finer particle size distribution and further increasing the erodibility. Compaction, through its effects on erodibility (K_m) and surface roughness (P), is concluded to be the major cause of higher erosion from the cap site, even though the slope steepness is 10 times less. Parameterisation of the RUSLE quantifies the differences between sites and explains the unexpected erosion rates observed. The results highlight the need for careful management of rehabilitated sites to avoid increases in erosion which may arise from compaction by machinery.     

四川省秸秆和畜禽粪便县域分布特征和资源化利用潜力

为明晰四川省近年秸秆和畜禽粪便分布格局和特征,基于2018年四川省县域尺度主要粮油作物产量和畜禽出栏量,通过空间分析明确四川主要粮油作物秸秆(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜)和畜禽粪便(牛、羊、猪、家禽)资源分布状况及聚集区,探讨各县秸秆和畜禽粪便循环利用潜力和途径。结果表明：四川省2018年秸秆可收集总量为2 808.55万t,呈现“一个中心,东密西疏”的分布规律,秸秆种类以玉米和水稻秸秆为主;畜禽粪便总量为8 162.02万t,呈现“三个中心,外密内疏”的分布规律,猪粪占绝对优势,占比高达57.8%。2018年四川省秸秆肥料化理论上可节约当年全省7.4%氮肥和5.0%磷肥投入,可全量替代当年全省钾肥用量,秸秆能源化可替代1 422.71万t标准煤或6.22×10⁹m³沼气。2018年四川省畜禽粪便全部肥料化可节约当年全省42.6%氮肥投入,可全量替代当年全省磷肥和钾肥用量,畜禽粪便能源化利用可折算成835.19万t标准煤或4.15×10⁹m³沼气。99%、95%和90%置信区间秸秆热点县分别有30、40...     

利用不同无机和有机固体废物配制技术新成土的研究

为拓展固体废物的利用途径,以生活污泥、蚯蚓粪、秸秆、粉煤灰、煤渣为原料通过为期3个月的室内恒温培养来制备技术新成土,研究不同原料配比对技术新成土理化性质的影响。结果表明：制备的技术新成土pH在7.08～7.69之间,水稳性团聚体总量为49.83%～86.44%,团聚体破碎率为13.10%～32.20%,平均质量直径和几何平均直径分别为0.54～1.04 mm和0.54～0.89 mm。培养后技术新成土的氮、磷、钾速效养分分别下降了11.03%～38.08%、5.79%～25.06%、0.11%～10.52%,总有机碳含量在5.26%～8.74%之间,整体养分含量处于较高水平。DTPA提取态Zn含量升高了15.74%～102.40%,DTPA提取态Cd含量降低了17.39%～65.02%。生物毒性实验表明有9种处理不会对植物生长产生明显影响,有3种处理需要对配方进行调整。综合pH、团聚体总量及稳定性、养分含量来看,所制备的技术新成土的性质基本达到了自然土壤的正常范围,可以用于土壤复垦、改良或代替部分自然土壤。污泥会导致处理中重金属Zn含量较高,因此制备的技术新成土应避免种植蔬菜、粮食等农...     

农田尾菜发酵过程中农药残留变化特征

基于尾菜中存在农药残留的现状,以设施农业尾菜黄瓜秧为研究对象,采用气相色谱法和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测了尾菜黄瓜秧在静态好氧发酵过程中多菌灵、吡虫啉、哒螨灵等50种农药残留的动态变化,并分析发酵重要影响因子堆高对农药残留消解的影响。结果表明:在尾菜黄瓜秧中共检测出腐霉利、多菌灵、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、烯酰吗啉、虫螨腈、吡虫啉、啶虫脒和哒螨灵9种农药残留,其中多菌灵平均残留量最高,达11.2 mg/kg,其他8种农药平均残留量在0.042~0.89 mg/kg之间。在发酵的24 d中,不同堆高条件下9种农药的消解规律均符合一级反应动力学方程,但不同农药半衰期差异较大,其中吡虫啉的平均半衰期最长,为28.9 d,多菌灵的平均半衰期最短,为10.2 d;不同堆高处理中农药的消解速率也有差异,总体上在2.5 m堆高下各农药的消解率最高、半衰期最短。本研究结果可为尾菜发酵参数优化、农业废弃物的高效资源化利用以及研发基于尾菜发酵产物的有机蔬菜专用有机肥提供理论支撑。     

水肥一体化对山地鲜桑椹商品性状的影响

为探索不同为微地形条件下水肥一体化工程技术对干热河谷区桑园果桑商品性状的影响,以盐边县刚成熟、正成熟和过成熟的鲜桑椹为研究对象,对比坡面雨养区(DN)、沟道两旁雨养区(WN)、坡面（水肥一体化）灌溉施肥区(DF)和沟道两旁（水肥一体化）灌溉施肥区(WF)桑椹的果长、果径、体积、质量、密度、果形指数和糖度的差异。结果表明：（1）灌溉施肥可以影响桑椹结果的物候特征,加速桑椹成熟。（2）灌溉施肥、微地形、灌溉施肥和微地形的交互作用对鲜桑椹的果长、果径、体积和果形指数具有极显著影响。（3）成熟度可以显著影响鲜桑椹的果长、果径和体积,但对鲜桑椹果形指数的影响不显著。 （4）在灌溉施肥条件(DF、WF)下,桑椹的成熟度越高,其密度和质量越高;在DN区,过成熟桑椹的密度和质量显著高于刚成熟和正成熟的桑椹;而在WN区,正成熟桑椹的密度质量显著高于过成熟和刚成熟的桑椹密度。（5）平均糖度最高的为WF区的过成熟桑椹,平均糖度高达18.01%,而最低的为WN区的刚成熟桑椹,平均糖度仅为11.76%。（6）DN区和WN区桑椹的商品性状的差异主要是外形和糖度的差异,WN区的桑椹比DN区糖度低、外形大。（7）WF区桑椹与DF区桑椹的商品性状差异不大。上述结果揭示了水分和养分供给调控桑椹商品性状的内在机制,即水分供应可促进鲜桑椹变大变重,施肥可让鲜桑椹口味更甜。     

Geomorphic estimates of the stability of a uranium mill tailings containment cover: Nabarlek,Northern Territory,Australia

The geomorphic stability of the cover (cap) over the pit of Nabarlek Uranium Mine in Arnhem Land, Northern Australia, is important because radon gas and other long-lived radio-nuclides arising from mill tailings must be contained for long periods. The primary agents of denudation in the region's seasonally wet tropical environment of low relief are rainwash, overland flow, rilling and gullying. Other agents of erosion are of less concern, although biogenic agents of erosion (e.g. termites and windthrow) may enhance fluvial activity. A combination of modelling, using the Universal Soil Loss Equation, and analogue estimates of denudation and thresholds of rilling and gullying from areas with similar geology, topography and climate are used to estimate the stability of the Nabarlek cover. Denudation rates are conservatively estimated at less than 100mm ky⁻¹. It is suggested that with some minor design modifications the cover will retain its integrity for several thousand years.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥在农业上的应用

堆肥化处理城市生活垃圾是目前固体废物处理的热点问题,而堆肥的应用则是亟待解决的问题。总结了城市生活垃圾堆肥在农业上的应用效果,介绍了施用垃圾堆肥的关键技术,并对垃圾堆肥的应用前景进行展望。     

技术潜在效益认知与农业废弃物循环技术采纳行为——以桃枝废弃物循环为例

为推进农业废弃物循环技术采纳,提高资源利用效率,降低农业面源污染,以北京市平谷区大桃种植户的微观调研数据为样本,运用结构方程模型实证分析了技术潜在效益对桃枝废弃物循环技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:1)社会效益认知、生态效益认知与采纳行为有正相关关系,作用机制生态效益认知>社会效益认知,经济效益与采纳行为呈负相关关系;2)社会效益认知对经济效益认知有正向影响,经济效益认知对生态效益认知有正向影响;3)促进农户对桃枝废弃物循环技术的采纳行为,将提高农户对该项技术的忠诚度。因此,本研究提出要发挥邻里带动作用,提高农户对技术效益的认知程度,通过制定差异化政策、加强产学研融合,促进农户对农业废弃物循环技术的采纳行为,推动绿色农业发展。