Character Associations Among Grain Yield, Biological Yield and Harvest Index

The harvest index Z is defined, for example for cereals, as the ratio between grain yield X and biological yield Y: Z = X/Y. In this paper the character associations among biological yield, grain yield and harvest index have been investigated theoretically by calculating the covariances and correlation coefficients between harvest index and grain yield and, additionally, between harvest index and biological yield. Explicit formulae are derived for these covariances and correlation coefficients and conclusions are derived and discussed. Many facts and relations among these characters which are well-known and frequently established by many experimental studies with quite different crops can be obtained and characterized by these theoretical investigations as necessary implications of the underlying statistical relationships.
Finally, all the theoretical studies and results are demonstrated and applied to a numerical example of winter-rapeseed data.     

对两个亚热带优质蛋白玉米群体的适应性混合选择研究：Ⅱ.相关响应

在两个源于亚热带的优质蛋白玉米（ＱＰＭ）群体，中群１３和中群１４中，对早开花性状进行４轮混合选择，籽 粒产量和植株形态特征发生显著的相关响应。１９８９至１９９１年在北京作的４年评价试验中，中群１３和中群１４平均每轮每亩籽粒产量分别增加４１．８（２８．７％）和４１．５ｋｇ（２９．０％）。与线性回归响应（ｂ＝３７．４和４０．４ｋｇ）相吻合。１９９１年在北京、济南、武功、成都和海南三亚作的５点联合试验中     

Harvest residue management and fertilisation effects on soil carbon and nitrogen in a 15-year-old Pinus radiata plantation forest

Growing interest in the use of planted forests for bioenergy production could lead to an increase in the quantities of harvest residues extracted. We analysed the change in C and N stocks in the forest floor (LFH horizon) and C and N concentrations in the mineral soil (to a depth of 0.3 m) between pre-harvest and mid-rotation (stand age 15 years) measurements at a trial site situated in a Pinus radiata plantation forest in the central North Island, New Zealand. The impacts of three harvest residue management treatments: residue plus forest floor removal (FF), residue removal (whole-tree harvesting; WT), and residue retention (stem-only harvesting; SO) were investigated with and without the mean annual application of 190 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of urea-N fertiliser (plus minor additions of P, B and Mg). Stocks of C and N in the forest floor were significantly decreased under FF and WT treatments whereas C stocks and mass of the forest floor were significantly increased under the SO treatment over the 15-year period. Averaged across all harvesting treatments, fertilisation prevented the significant declines in mass and C and N stocks of the forest floor which occurred in unfertilised plots. The C:N ratio of the top 0.1 m of mineral soil was significantly increased under the FF treatment corresponding to a significant reduction in N concentration over the period. However, averaged across all harvesting treatments, fertilisation prevented the significant increase in C:N ratio of the top 0.1 m of mineral soil and significantly decreased the C:N ratio of the 0-0.3 m depth range. Results indicate that residue extraction for bioenergy production is likely to reduce C and N stocks in the forest floor through to mid-rotation and possibly beyond unless fertiliser is applied. Forest floors should be retained to avoid adverse impacts on topsoil fertility (i.e., increased C:N ratio). Based on the rate of recovery of the forest floor under the FF treatment, stocks of C and N in the forest floor were projected to reach pre-harvest levels at stand age 18-20. While adverse effects of residue extraction may be mitigated by the application of urea-N fertiliser, it should be noted that, in this experiment, fertiliser was applied at a high rate. Assessment of the sustainability of harvest residue extraction over multiple rotations will require long-term monitoring.     

Biomass production and related characters in the core collection of Pisum germplasm

Retention of residue on the soil surface following harvest is an effective method of reducing soil erosion from both wind and water. The pea crop produces small amounts of residue to effectively reduce soil erosion. Severe erosion occurs in pea production areas such as the Palouse Region of the US Pacific Northwest (PNW) when low residue crops such as spring pea or lentil are followed by fall-sown wheat. The current study was conducted to determine the range of total aboveground biomass (TAB), seed yield, and straw (residue) production from the plant identification (PI) accessions that comprise the core collection of Pisum germplasm. In addition, the potential for increasing seed yield and straw production simultaneously was evaluated. Three hundred and ninety PI accessions were screened in the field in 1996 and 1997. The variation for TAB, seed yield and straw production among the PI accessions exceeded that of the controls both years. Seed yield was positively correlated with straw production (r = 0.81, p< 0.01) indicating that seed and straw production can be increased simultaneously through positive selection for both traits. Significant favorable variation is present among accessions in the USDA core collection of Pisum germplasm which could be used to increase both seed yield and total biomass production of adapted breeding lines.     

Changes in evapotranspiration over irrigated winter wheat and maize in North China Plain over three decades

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the water cycle at field, regional and global scales. This study used measured data from a 30-year irrigation experiment (1979-2009) in the North China Plain (NCP) on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) to analyze the impacts of climatic factors and crop yield on ET. The results showed that grass reference evapotranspiration (ET_o, calculated by FAO Penmen-Monteith method) was relatively constant from 1979 to 2009. However, the actual seasonal ET of winter wheat and maize under well-watered condition gradually increased from the 1980s to the 2000s. The mean seasonal ET was 401.4 mm, 417.3 mm and 458.6 mm for winter wheat, and 375.7 mm, 381.1 mm and 396.2 mm for maize in 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, respectively. The crop coefficient (K_c) was not constant and changed with the yield of the crops. The seasonal average K_c of winter wheat was 0.75 in the 1980s, 0.81 in the 1990s and 0.85 in the 2000s, and the corresponding average grain yield (GY) was 4790 kg ha⁻¹, 5501 kg ha⁻¹ and 6685 kg ha⁻¹. The average K_c of maize was 0.88 in the 1980s, 0.88 in the 1990s and 0.94 in the 2000s, with a GY of 5054 kg ha⁻¹, 7041 kg ha⁻¹ and 7874 kg ha⁻¹, respectively, for the three decades. The increase in ET was not in proportion to the increase in GY, resulting improved water use efficiency (WUE). The increase in ET was possibly related to the increase in leaf stomatal conductance with renewing in cultivars. The less increase in water use with more increase in grain production could be partly attributed to the significant increase in harvest index. The results showed that with new cultivars and improved management practices it was possible to further increase grain production without much increase in water use.     

超甜1号玉米适宜采收期的确定及采后保鲜技术研究

通过测定甜玉米鲜果穗水分及糖分含量,探讨甜玉米适采期及采后保鲜技术。结果表明:甜玉米的适采期为授粉后18～21d,包装方式和贮藏温度对鲜棒采后品质影响很大,最好采用真空包装后低温贮藏,以延长保鲜时间。     

小麦生物产量、收获指数与产量关系的研究

利用11个小麦新品种(系),对生物产量、收获指数与籽粒产量的关系进行了研究。结果表明,生物产量与籽粒产量的表型和遗传正相关均达极显著水平,收获指数与籽粒产量的表型正相关也达极显著水平。生物产量的遗传潜力及与籽粒产量的密切程度均大于收获指数,说明进一步提高产量的途径应是维持现有收获指数水平,主要通过提高生物产量,协调提高二者之间的关系来实现。     

直干桉薪炭林萌发试验研究

对玉溪市直干桉薪炭林进行不同伐桩高度，不同砍伐方式，不同季节砍伐的试验研究表明，在玉溪地区经营直干桉薪炭林，砍伐可以提高薪炭林的产薪量，砍伐过的林分产量比对照提高１２．６倍，最高可达１６．９倍；伐桩高度在３０ｃｍ最好，砍伐方式以刀砍为主，伐后的产薪量也比锯的稍好；冬季砍伐比春季砍伐效果明显，平均树高可提高４８％，最大为５６％；采伐季节在林木休眠后，萌动前进行。该研究对指导玉溪地区经营桉类薪炭林具有重要意义。     

采收期对阿克苏地区灰枣cAMP含量的影响研究

[目的]研究测定灰枣cAMP含量的新方法及灰枣采收期对其cAMP含量的影响.[方法]以阿克苏地区灰枣为研究对象,建立了HPLC法测定灰枣中cAMP含量的定量测定方法,并对不同采收时期的灰枣及其制干产品的cAMP含量进行了测定.[结果]试验表明,HPLC测定cAMP含量的色谱条件为:选用Inertsil ODS-3色谱柱(4.6 ×250 ×5 μm)、以10％甲醇-90％的浓度为0.167 8％甲酸溶液为流动相、柱温30℃、流速0.8 ml/min、检测波长254nm测定灰枣中的cAMP含量,cAMP浓度在1.0～100.0 μg/ml范围内与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,R2=0.9990,且其精密性高、重现性好、加标回收率高(＞98％,RSD值为1.38％).灰枣采收时期对鲜枣及其制干产品的cAMP含量有显著影响(达到0.01显著水平).[结论]阿克苏地区灰枣在10月24日至10月31日期间采收,有利于保持较高的cAMP含量,此期采收的鲜灰枣及其干枣的cAMP含量分别为75.237和294.097μg/g左右.研究可为新疆阿克苏地区红枣产业化发展提供科学参考.