标记辅助导入中不同背景选择方法的比较

模拟比较了随机选择、标记值选择及BLUP选择3种背景选择方法在标记辅助导入(利用标记辅助将供体群中的一个有利QTL等位基因导入到受体群中)的选择效果。前景选择是借助与目标基因连锁的两侧标记对目标基因进行间接选择。研究结果表明,在背景选择中,利用标记值选择能使受体基因组很快得到恢复,2个世代的回交就能恢复90%以上,4个世代的回交就能完全恢复。利用BLUP选择虽然不能使受体基因组迅速全部恢复,但能使特定的背景性状得到最大的遗传进展。     

标记辅助选择及其研究进展

本文对标记辅助选择的原理,常用的数学模型,标记辅助导入的方法,及其影响标记辅助选择的因素,作了比较详细的介绍,并且对其所出现的问题提出了作者的一点看法.     

图牧吉自然保护区白鹤秋季觅食地生境初步研究

2004年8～9月采用定点观察法、GPS定位法和样方法对内蒙古扎赉特旗图牧吉国家级自然保护区白鹤的秋季停歇期的觅食地生境进行了调查研究,数据分析结果显示：在201个实验样方和201个对照样方中,苔草高度、芦苇高度、香蒲高度、植被盖度和植被密度的t值均小于0．05,存在显著或极显著差异;另外,主成分分析结果显示,前4个主成分的累积贡献率达到56．652％,在第一主成分中,水稗草高度和水流状况的贡献率较高;在第二主成分中,水深和水透明度的贡献率较高;在第三主成分中,香蒲高度和植被密度的贡献率较高：在第4主成分中,苔草高度的贡献率较高。     

重庆市綦江地区秋季不同生境鸟类多样性研究

1999年9-10月,采用样方法对綦江地区森林生境、灌丛生境、农田生境的鸟类群落结构进行调查研究,结果表明：本次调查记录到鸟类79种,分属于9目25科,雀形目鸟类的种数最多,占总数的73．42％。国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类7种,占所观察到鸟类的8．86％。在调查研究的3种生境鸟类多样性从高到低的是农田生境、灌丛生境、森林生境。     

贵州优良草品种引种选育及应用

贵州主要地方优良草种选育及利用在贵州草地畜牧业发展和石漠化治理中具有重要意义,研究结合近年来的科研工作,综述了贵州近30年来在主要地方优良草种选育利用方面的主要成就。结果表明,自贵州草地畜牧业兴起以来,广大科技人员为解决草地生产用种问题,先后引进国内外优良草种10余种累计100多份品种资源,并多次考察收集贵州野生牧草品种资源近1 000份,经过整理、鉴定,发掘了一批重要的育种材料。近15年来,采用引种驯化筛选、选择育种等方法先后选育牧草新品种9个,对促进贵州草地畜牧业的发展做出了一定的贡献。还分析了贵州牧草育种存在的主要问题并展望了今后育种研究的主要方向。     

Comparison of genomic and traditional BLUP-estimated breeding value accuracy and selection response under alternative trait and genomic parameters

Accuracy of prediction of estimated breeding values based on genome-wide markers (GEBV) and selection based on GEBV as compared with traditional Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) was examined for a number of alternatives, including low heritability, number of generations of training, marker density, initial distributions, and effective population size (Ne). Results show that the more the generations of data in which both genotypes and phenotypes were collected, termed training generations (TG), the better the accuracy and persistency of accuracy based on GEBV. GEBV excelled for traits of low heritability regardless of initial equilibrium conditions, as opposed to traditional marker-assisted selection, which is not useful for traits of low heritability. Effective population size is critical for populations starting in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium but not for populations started from mutation-drift equilibrium. In comparison with traditional BLUP, GEBV can exceed the accuracy of BLUP provided enough TG are included. Unfortunately selection rapidly reduces the accuracy of GEBV. In all cases examined, classic BLUP selection exceeds what was possible for GEBV selection. Even still, GEBV could have an advantage over traditional BLUP in cases such as sex-limited traits, traits that are expensive to measure, or can only be measured on relatives. A combined approach, utilizing a mixed model with a second random effect to account for quantitative trait loci in linkage equilibrium (the polygenic effect) was suggested as a way to capitalize on both methodologies.     

Use of Akaike information criteria for model selection and inference. An application to assess prevention of gastrointestinal parasitism and respiratory mortality of Guinean goats in Kolda,Senegal

A field experiment was carried out in Kolda (southern Senegal) from July 1986 to July 1988. Its goals were to: (1) describe the patterns of mortality of female Guinean goats by age, season and year; (2) assess preventive measures against respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal parasitism in reducing mortality; and (3) estimate the overall impact of these measures on survival to 1 year of age. Preventive measures for respiratory disease included vaccination against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and pneumonic pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida types A and D). Control of gastrointestinal parasites was by deworming does with morantel (7.5 mg kg⁻¹, three times during the rainy season). The effects of vaccines and deworming were tested in a randomised factorial field experiment with villages being the experimental units. A total of 19 villages, 113 goat herds and 1458 goats were included in the study.

Generalised linear models of survival for five cohorts of goats (defined by five different birth seasons) used a binomial assumption for the response distribution and a complementary log–log link. Explanatory variables included age, season, year, vaccination, deworming and their interactions. A complex a priori model was built on the basis of previous epidemiological knowledge; a purposively selected set of simpler models was compared to this full model by the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and derived statistics. Inference on 1-year survival and treatment effects accounted for model-selection uncertainty. It was carried out with a bootstrap procedure and used information from the whole set of selected models.

Large variations in mortality by year and season were observed but no regular seasonal pattern was apparent. Mortality probabilities of kids in dewormed groups decreased quickly after birth, but remained elevated up to 9 months of age in the non-dewormed groups. Deworming lowered the risk of mortality. Vaccination alone was not protective (except during an observed outbreak of PPR).     

菠萝皮发酵生产饲料蛋白优良菌种的筛选

以菠萝皮为原料,经烘干粉碎后添加一定辅料,采用10株不同的霉菌和酵母菌株进行单一菌种发酵试验,预筛选出产蛋白含量较高的3株霉菌和1株酵母菌;再将预筛选出的霉菌和酵母菌经过不同组合按一定的比例和接种量对菠萝皮渣进行混和菌种发酵。结果表明:采用绿色木霉(Trichodermaviride)和产朊假丝酵母(Candicau-tilis)按3:2的接种比例、5%的总接种量进行发酵,可使菠萝皮发酵产物的粗蛋白质含量和水洗蛋白含量显著提高,且发酵产物气味芳香,适口性好,可做动物蛋白饲料。     

Effect of mate selection on fuzzy selective mating criteria in closed dairy multiple ovulation and embryo transfer nucleus programs

In order to control rates of response and inbreeding, mate selection using fuzzy selective mating criteria (FMC) was investigated in adult multiple ovulation and embryo transfer nucleus schemes for dairy cattle. Stochastic simulation was used to model the closed nucleus scheme. This mate selection was examined in four alternative mating and male selection schemes: (i) a hierarchical scheme; (ii) a hierarchical sibship scheme (two males per sibship); (iii) a factorial scheme (two sires per dam); and (iv) a factorial sibship scheme (two males per sibship and two sires per dam). Genetic response and inbreeding rate tended to be reduced by increasing the trade-off parameter of FMC between the expected breeding value and inbreeding of progeny. Inbreeding rates in all schemes were reduced by reducing the variance of family size through selection and the average coancestry of mating pairs through mate allocation.     

遗传连锁方法的历史,现状与发展

本文简要介绍了遗传学当中的连锁分析方法的历史，现状及其近几十年的发展，并对这些方法的优缺点进行了评价。