金定鸭的性双态分化和性行为发育

金定鸭的外型分化,受自然选择和性选择的双重影响。在生长发育过程中,依羽域在适应水域环境的重要性,雌雄金定鸭的正羽都按共同的羽域顺序陆续更换生长;与此同时,一日龄外型相同的异性雏鸭,逐渐表现出性双态,包括喙色、羽色、声音、性羽、体重和行为的表型差异,以满足繁殖竞争的需要。金定鸭性行为的出现以其性双态分化为基础,而性行为的分化又是其生理成熟的前提条件。对雄鸭的观察分析结果表明,性双态分化和性行为发育速度的快慢与其生理成熟的早迟是一致的。黑色尾羽的雄鸭,体重较小,其发育速度和性成熟均快于体重较大的白喙或端白尾羽者,因此,建议将尾羽颜色、性双态分化和性行为发育速度作为雄鸭的选育指标。     

油松单亲子代苗期生长性状遗传分析

对陕西省3个油松Pinus tabulaeformis种子园和1个优良种源区的优树单亲子代苗期生长性状进行了研究分析.结果表明:油松林分、家系间具有丰富的遗传变异,家系方差分量大于林分;不同种子园和同一种子园的不同家系苗期生长差异均达极显著水平,生长最好的家系比生长最差的家系苗高生长大1倍以上;油松家系种子千粒质量之间变异较大,变异幅度为20.04～65.10 g,种子千粒质量与地径相关紧密而与苗高相关一般;油松苗高和地径的遗传力较高,运用生长量指数,评选46个优良家系,可获得苗高和地径16.32%～27.86%和6.39%～23.08%的遗传增益,增产效果十分显著.表7参12     

利用分子标记辅助选择选育抗白叶枯病恢复系

利用水稻恢复系C418与携带Xa21基因亲本回交转育的中间材料,通过分子标记辅助选择,结合人工接种鉴定,农艺性状考察和田间配合力测定,选育出一批携带Xa21基因、白叶枯病抗性显著提高、农艺性状优良、配合力较强的新恢复系,同时筛选出一批优势杂交组合,为杂交稻抗病育种奠定物质基础。     

阿拉善地区天然梭梭优树选择研究

优树选择是梭梭良种选育的基础性工作。以阿拉善盟吉兰泰、塔木素、拐子湖地区的天然梭梭林为目标,以树高、冠幅、当年生长量、生物量为指标,采用种子产量关联法确定了各指标的权重,树高为0.1,当年生长量为0.5,冠幅0.3,生物量0.1;以15万株梭梭调查数据为依据,通过优良林分选择、目测初选、综合选优的方法进行优树选择;确定了各指标的单项评分函数为对数函数,利用权重法确定综合评分,并将综合评分在88.0分以上的单株确定为优树,共在阿拉善盟选择出梭梭优良单株16株。为今后的良种选育工作奠定了基础。     

A generalized nonlinear mixed-effects height–diameter model for Eucalyptus globulus L. in northwestern Spain

A generalized height–diameter model was developed for Eucalyptus globulus Labill. stands in Galicia (northwestern Spain). The study involved a variety of pure stands ranging from even-aged to uneven-aged. Data were obtained from permanent circular sample plots in which trees were sampled within different radii according to their diameter at breast height. A combination of weighted regression, to take into account the unequal selection probabilities of such an inventory design, and mixed model techniques, to accommodate local random fluctuations in the height–diameter relationship, were applied to estimate fixed and random parameters for several models reported in the relevant literature. The models that provided the best results included dominant height and dominant diameter as fixed effects. These models explained more than 83% of the observed variability, with mean errors of less than 2.5 m. Random parameters for particular plots were estimated with different tree selection options. Height–diameter relationships tailored to individual plots can be obtained by calibration of the height measurements of the three smallest trees in a plot. An independent dataset was used to test the performance of the model with data not used in the fitting process, and to demonstrate the advantages of calibrating the mixed-effects model.     

陆地棉分子标记辅助轮回选择聚合育种研究Ⅲ.对群体遗传多样性的影响

对7个陆地棉分子标记辅助轮回选择聚合育种和表型选择群体内的RAPD和SSR分子标记多态位点数及其比例，遗传离散度与杂合度，基因型种类数，不同群体间的遗传分化等进行研究。结果表明，经过两轮选择后，各群体的遗传多样性并没有损失，群体内的变异占总变异的90％以上。表型性状的变异分析结果也相类似。     

柳杉优树子代的遗传变异与再选择

根据31个柳杉优树无性系自由授粉子代测验林5龄时树高(H),胸径(D),材积(V),新梢长(N_g),树冠幅(C_d),侧枝数(N_b),结果数(C_n),结果率(C_r)和结果指数(I_c)估算的半同胞家系遗传力分别为0.566,0.509,0.462,0.679,-0.326,0.694,0.091,0.068和0.115.测算的遗传相关表明:H,D,V,N_g,N_b 5个生长性状之间,C_n,C_r,I_c 3个结果性状之间具强度正相关,这5个生长性状对C_r都是强度负相关,D,V对C_n和I_c具强正相关,H,N_g和N_b对C_n和I_c只具弱度相关。以选择强度i=1.4选出最好的6个家系,予测H,D,V,N_g,或N_b单性状选择的遗传增益分别为11.96％,21.25％,44.31％,22.42％和20.81％;按综合上述5个性状的选择指标进行多性状选择,遗传增益提高到28.64％.以全部性状表型值进行主成分分析,按各家系的主成分坐标值,易于直观地选择表型优良的家系,其选择结果近似于综合指标选择。     

Age trends in the genetic parameters of wood density and the relationship with growth rates in hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × L. kaempferi) F1

Age trends in variance components and heritability of overall wood density, earlywood and latewood density, and latewood proportion were investigated in 29-year-old trees of 19 full-sib families of hybrid larch (Larix gmelinii var. japonica × Larix kaempferi) F₁. The age–age correlation and optimum selection age for these traits were also estimated and genetic and phenotypic correlations between wood density and radial growth rate were calculated for each growth ring. Intraring wood density data were obtained using X-ray densitometry. The coefficient of additive genetic variance was stable over all ages, whereas the coefficient of environmental variances gradually decreased with increasing age, resulting in increases in heritability estimates with age for overall density. The latewood proportion had the highest heritability estimates at all ages, ranging from 0.44 to 0.66. Overall density and its various components at 28 years of age showed strong genetic correlations with their respective traits at all younger ages. Optimum selection ages for the wood density traits ranged from 8 to 14 years, at which point maximum gain efficiencies per year were obtained. There were negative correlations between wood density and radial growth rate at early ages, although these relationships tended to be weaker with increasing age. These results suggest that selection at a young age is effective for wood density, but particular care must be taken in selecting trees with an improved radial growth rate because rapid growth will result in a low-density wood product, especially in the early growth period.     

卷盘式喷灌机选型辅助决策系统的开发

卷盘式喷灌机选型辅助决策系统的研制开发 ,为卷盘式喷灌机田间工程规划中的正确配套选型提供了快捷、准确、高效的方法 ,并能指导卷盘式喷灌机制造者的优化设计 ,以发挥卷盘式喷灌机的最佳工作效益。