Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

城市扩张背景下景观破碎化动态演变及空间自相关分析——以南昌市为例

为探究城市扩张与景观破碎化演变过程及其关联机制,以江西省南昌市为例,基于2000—2015年的土地利用数据,运用城市破碎指数(UFI)刻画建设用地的景观破碎化水平; 然后结合形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)和景观连接度分析量化了自然景观和耕地的景观动态演变过程; 最后采用格网分析探究了三者之间的空间自相关动态特征。结果表明:2000—2015年间南昌市共有273.26 km²的耕地及45.61 km²的自然景观转为建设用地,整体城市破碎度指数在研究期内由2.27上升至4.94; 耕地核心区数量在15 a时间内持续衰减,自然生境在前期变化平稳,随着城市化进程的加快,核心及桥接区不断减少,岛状斑块开始增加; 空间自相关分析显示,景观破碎度与自然生境、耕地平均连通概率三者呈负相关,景观破碎度与耕地、自然生境平均连通概率之间的高低聚集区域集中分布在城市扩张的主要区域。2000—2015年城市快速扩张导致的破碎化致使耕地及自然生境景观结构发生改变,景观连通性逐渐丧失。     

基于核密度估计的京津冀地区耕地破碎化分析

为了深入分析京津冀地区耕地破碎化和人工干扰程度,以空间网格为基本单元,采用核密度函数法对耕地进行密度计算,继而采用自然断点法进行密度分区,采用景观格局指数法,对耕地的空间分布特征、破碎化程度进行定量分析,最后采用耕地破碎度指数和人工干扰指数对比分析提出耕地整治的方向。结果表明:耕地核密度变化范围为0~95.08点/km2,85%以上的耕地集中分布在区域中部和东南部的中密度区到高密度区,耕地面积随着密度降低而减少;耕地斑块密度指数、斑块边界密度指数、面积加权分维数和耕地斑块聚集度在不同密度区的变化情况均反映出破碎化程度随着耕地密度减小而增大;耕地破碎度指数和人工干扰度指数均随着耕地密度降低而升高,人工干扰是该区域耕地破碎化程度加剧的主要因素。采用核密度估计法能合理地反映耕地聚集程度和破碎化程度,可为京津冀地区协同发展、耕地整治和土地利用优化布局提供理论支撑。     

Habitat fragmentation in an urban environment: large and small fragments support different arthropod assemblages

We investigated the effects of fragmentation due to urbanisation on the species composition and functional roles of ants, beetles, spiders, flies and wasps. The study was conducted in 21 fragments of heath and woodland in south-eastern Australia classed as either ‘small’ (? 4 km²) or ‘large’ (? 80 km²). Arthropods were pitfall-trapped and identified to family or genus and morphospecies and microhabitat characteristics were recorded. Large fragments did not support more species per unit area than small fragments for most arthropods, although there were more species of ants per sampling unit in small than large woodland fragments, mainly due to a higher frequency of generalist species in smaller fragments. Large and small habitat fragments contained different assemblages of spiders, wasps and ants, indicating that predators and parasitoids are affected more strongly than other trophic groups. Arthropod assemblages within larger fragments where grids were furthest apart were less similar than those within smaller fragments where grids were closer together in woodland, but not in heath. The responses of arthropods to fragmentation suggest that, in addition to effects of reduced area and proximity to the urban matrix, changes in fire regimes and the degradation of habitats resulting from urbanisation, may have a role in altering arthropod assemblages, particularly affecting those species belonging to higher trophic levels. Management goals for urban remnants should identify mechanisms for controlling fire and anthropogenic disturbance such that they closely resemble the levels of these factors in larger fragments.     

冲击作用下粘性土壤破碎体的分形维数与影响因

给出冲击破碎分析的两倍尺度控制约定,研究粘结态土壤破碎体生成的影响因素,建立了土壤破碎体分形维数与落锤质量、冲击行程、土壤含水率、破碎比能之间的关系.结果表明,土壤破碎体的分形维数与落锤质量及冲击行程没有联系,但分形维数与土壤含水率及破碎比能具有明显的相关性.另外,通过比较得知土壤在冲击作用下的破碎体分形维数远远低于植被土样的分形维数.     

Conservation planning with dynamic threats: The role of spatial design and priority setting for species’ persistence

Conservation actions frequently need to be scheduled because both funding and implementation capacity are limited. Two approaches to scheduling are possible. Maximizing gain (MaxGain) which attempts to maximize representation with protected areas, or minimizing loss (MinLoss) which attempts to minimize total loss both inside and outside protected areas. Conservation planners also choose between setting priorities based solely on biodiversity pattern and considering surrogates for biodiversity processes such as connectivity. We address both biodiversity processes and habitat loss in a scheduling framework by comparing four different prioritization strategies defined by MaxGain and MinLoss applied to biodiversity patterns and processes to solve the dynamic area selection problem with variable area cost. We compared each strategy by estimating predicted species’ occurrences within a landscape after 20 years of incremental reservation and loss of habitat. By incorporating species-specific responses to fragmentation, we found that you could improve the performance of conservation strategies. MinLoss was the best approach for conserving both biodiversity pattern and process. However, due to the spatial autocorrelation of habitat loss, reserves selected with this approach tended to become more isolated through time; losing up to 40% of occurrences of edge-sensitive species. Additionally, because of the positive correlation between threats and land cost, reserve networks designed with this approach contained smaller and fewer reserves compared with networks designed with a MaxGain approach. We suggest a possible way to account for the negative effect of fragmentation by considering both local and neighbourhood vulnerability to habitat loss.     

玉米花粉破壁方法的试验研究 Ⅰ.超微粉碎破壁方法的研究

采用多因素分析和二次回归正交旋转试验设计的方法,建立了试验因素与试验指标间影响关系的数学模型。通过优化计算得到玉米花粉超微化破壁的最佳工艺参数为:转速476r/min,粉碎时间为1.2h,球料比为7,花粉含水量控制在5%以下。此时花粉颗粒径小于8μm,花粉破壁率达100%。     

森林生物多样性保护原理概述

热点地区的分析,为我们确定生物多样性保护的策略和优先等级提供了依据;由于人类的剧烈干扰,现在地球上有许多物种和生态系统都处于濒危的境地,热带雨林的生物多样性丧失最为严重;热点地区虽然在地球上所占的面积很小,但却拥有大量的物种,这些地区的生物多样性丧失应特别引起我们注意;每个物种灭绝的难易程度不同,稀有种和长寿命种特别易于灭绝,而关键种一旦受到威胁,依赖于其生存的许多物种也会有灭绝的危险。遗传多样性的丧失也是生物多样性丧失的重要方面,种群内遗传多样性的丧失主要来源于奠基者效应、统计瓶颈效应、遗传漂变和近亲交配４种因素。物种的概念影响到对物种的保护,物种保护应包括物种内遗传多样性的保护;种群的动态调节机制和源—汇种群动态对于生物多样性保护具有重要的意义。种群生存力分析是了解物种濒危机制的崭新手段。群落中的种间关系和自然干扰体系是生物多样性保护中应考虑的重要方面。人为的生境破碎与自然景观的异质性不同,生境破碎会造成边缘效应和拥挤效应等一系列的生物学后果。     

野生滇牡丹资源调查与分析

2008-2009年对野生滇牡丹种质资源集中分布中心云南中部至西北部进行了比较全面的调查与分析,内容包括了滇牡丹生境和群体生长、单株开花状况等。分析了滇牡丹开花物候期及其影响因子、群落结构、种群数量动态变化等。最后总结了野生滇牡丹种质资源现状,以及适于滇牡丹生长和繁殖的立地条件及其保护措施。       

矮杨梅生境及群落学特征

矮杨梅（Myrica nana Cheval．）隶属杨梅科杨梅属，常绿灌木。仅自然分布于我国西部部分省区．为我国特有的窄生态幅植物。本文对矮杨梅的地理分布、生境、群落特征进行了考查。分析了生境对该物种生长、分布的影响；提出了种内变异问题。以期丰富对矮杨梅这一物种的认识。