河北日光温室气象灾害影响和气象服务评估

通过问卷形式,对河北省日光温室蔬菜生产经销者和技术人员对气象服务的满意度,低温冻害、寡照、大风、雪灾4种主要气象灾害对日光温室蔬菜产量、品质、贮藏、运输、销售的影响率,用于日光温室气象灾害防御及补救的费用占所有气象灾害防御和补救费用百分率,以及菜农接受气象服务的投入占收成的百分率等进行调查,并利用德尔菲法对气象灾害防御和补救费用及气象服务的效益进行定量化评估.结果表明,多数被调查者认为低温冻害和寡照对日光温室蔬菜产量和品质有较大影响,其中认为低温冻害影响率大于15％的人数分别占45.6％、53.7％,认为寡照灾害影响率大于15％的人数分别占37.8％、35.4％,认为大风和雪灾的影响相对较小;70％以上的人认为大风和寡照对日光温室蔬菜贮藏、运输和销售的影响率在20％以下,超过50％的人认为低温冻害对蔬菜贮藏影响率大于30％,认为雪灾对蔬菜贮藏、运输和销售的影响率大于30％的人数分别占31.0％、63.9％和53.0％.被调查者对日光温室4种主要气象灾害的气象服务满意度均达96％以上.对大风、低温冻害、寡照和雪灾的防御和补救的费用占所有气象灾害防御及补救费用的平均百分率分别为20.3％、15.8％、13.0％和19.4％,4种灾害的气象服务平均贡献率分别为3.08％、2.25％、1.90％和2.55％.按近l0a（2004-2013）河北省日光温室蔬菜产业年平均生产总值计算,大风灾害气象服务效益最高,平均每年达2.941亿元,其它依次为雪灾、低温冻害和寡照,总效益平均每年达9.340亿元.     

Estimating the component of soil respiration not dependent on living plant roots: Comparison of the indirect y-intercept regression approach and direct bare plot approach

Distinguishing between root and non-root derived CO₂ efflux is important when determining rates of soil organic matter turnover, however, in practice they remain difficult to separate. Our aim was to evaluate two methods for determining the component of below-ground respiration not dependent on plant roots (i.e., basal soil respiration; R_b). The first approach estimated R_b indirectly from the y-intercept of linear regressions between below-ground respiration (BGR) and root biomass. The second approach involved direct measurements of soil respiration from bare plots. To compare the contrasting approaches, BGR and crop biomass measurements were collected throughout the year in a range of agricultural systems. We found that both methods were very closely correlated with each other. Values of R_b determined by the intercept approach, however, were slightly higher than those determined by measurement of bare plots. Both approaches showed a seasonal trend with estimates of R_b lowest in winter months at 0.02 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the y-intercept approach and 0.11 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹ for the bare plots approach, even after the data had been corrected for the influence of soil temperature. Highest rates of R_b occurred from the height to the end of the crop growing season (0.8-1.5 t C ha⁻¹ month⁻¹). The annual CO₂ efflux due to R_b was estimated to be 8.1 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ from the y-intercept approach and 6.8 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ from bare plots. Annual BGR was 12.1 t C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. We conclude that both methods provide similar estimates of R_b, however, logistically the bare plots approach is much easier to undertake than the y-intercept approach.     

东北日光温室番茄长季节栽培管理专家系统的研制

本文根据温室番茄长季节栽培技术经验，利用农业专家系统开发平台（单机版）PAID4．0，开发温室番茄长季节栽培管理专家系统。本系统包括番茄栽培管理、病虫害防治模块、248条规则。通过将专家研究成果与计算机的结合为温室番茄长季节高效栽培技术的推广提供了广阔的应用前景。     

屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室的采光性能

不同天气（晴天和阴天）和开窗比例条件下,对屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室(温室A)白天室内、外光合有效辐射量子通量密度（PAR）进行测试。以屋顶通风窗型Venlo式温室为对照（温室B）,研究屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室的采光性能。结果表明：屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室在晴天条件下的平均透光率为53.7%,阴天条件下为52.1%,均高于对照。且屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室的透光率随着（屋面）天窗开启比例的增加而提高,而对照透光率无明显变化,表明开启的天窗减少了对太阳辐射的阻挡,提高了温室透光率。同时,屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室晴天条件下PAR分布均匀度均值为0.893,阴天条件下为0.916,均低于对照。不同天气条件下,随着天窗开启比例的增加,屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室PAR分布均匀度不断降低,而对照无明显变化,且屋顶全开启型Venlo式温室在晴天条件下PAR分布均匀度变幅大于阴天,表明开启的天窗集中阻挡了温室天沟附近太阳辐射的直射,从而导致其PAR分布均匀度较低。     

A classification of CO2 concentrations based on a binary meteorological six variable system

CO₂ is one of the most important gases linked to climate change. However, its ambient concentrations in a clean atmosphere have scarcely been investigated. In this paper a close relationship between CO₂ concentrations and meteorological variables was proposed to establish atmospheric conditions linked to high CO₂ values. A detailed 3-year campaign was carried out in a rural area with a CO₂ continuous analyser and a RASS sodar for meteorological variables. Daily and yearly CO₂ cycles were obtained. In addition, semi-hourly medians and quartiles were fitted to straight lines during the night time and daily maxima and minima were parameterised by means of a second order cylindrical model. Six meteorological variables were considered: wind speed, wind direction and temperature at one level and differences between them at two levels. Intervals were proposed from the highest CO₂ concentrations during the night to build up a binary system of 64 meteorological classes. Analysis of both CO₂ medians and meteorological classes enabled simplification of the system to four groups. The first group, characterised by high temperatures and drainage flow, was associated with detrended median concentrations above 15 ppm. Two groups of moderate concentrations were linked to thermal inversions and no prevailing wind directions. The final group corresponded to low concentrations associated with less than three meteorological variables with values linked to high concentrations. Only high directional shear and low wind speed were relevant in this group. This 4-group system was successfully used with the whole dataset.     

除草剂对不同种植年限柑橘园土壤氮转化过程及温室气体排放的影响

为探讨除草剂施用对柑橘园土壤氮转化及温室气体排放的影响,在实验室培养条件下,研究了0年(林地)、种植10年和30年的柑橘园土壤中分别添加除草剂草甘膦和丁草胺后,尿素态氮含量、硝化和反硝化作用以及温室气体排放的变化。研究结果表明,橘园土壤中尿素第1 d的水解率、氮肥硝化率、反硝化作用损失总量以及N_2O和CO_2排放量显著高于林地土壤(P0.05)。与10年橘园土壤相比,30年橘园土壤显著增加了尿素的水解速率、氮肥硝化率和CO_2排放量(P0.05),但二者的反硝化损失量没有显著差异。施用草甘膦和丁草胺都显著促进了林地土壤的尿素水解(P0.05),第1 d尿素态氮含量分别降低11.20%和12.43%;但对3种土壤氮肥的硝化率均没有明显影响。施用丁草胺显著降低了林地土壤的CO_2排放量(P0.05),对两种橘园土壤的CO_2排放没有明显影响,但明显增加了两种橘园土壤的N_2O排放总量(P0.05),分别比不施除草剂增加56.27%和85.41%;施用草甘膦对3种土壤的N_2O和CO_2排放均没有明显影响。可见,草甘膦和丁草胺的施用不会对柑橘园土壤的氮转化过程产生影响,但丁草胺显著增加了柑橘园土壤的N_2O排放。     

山东省设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征及影响因素

调查和分析了山东省设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化特征和影响因素。2014年全省设施菜地(含瓜类)总面积(日光温室、大拱棚含棚间面积)为64.98×10~(4 )hm~2,占全省菜地面积的35.45%,其中,日光温室25.06×10~(4 )hm~2,大拱棚20.94×10~(4 )hm~2,中小拱棚18.98×10~(4 )hm~2。山东省设施菜地土壤盐分离子组成中阴离子以SO_4~(2-)离子为主,阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主。全省设施菜地约39.73%出现不同程度的盐渍化现象,其中,轻度盐渍化为28.64%,中度盐渍化为8.37%,重度盐渍化为2.29%,盐土为0.43%。在不同设施类型中,盐渍化发生程度为:日光温室大拱棚中小拱棚;全省17个市设施菜地次生盐渍化发生程度表现出聊城、莱芜、东营相对较高。全省化肥平均施用量(折纯)为1 624 kg hm~(-2),氮肥(N)、磷肥(P_2O_5)、钾肥(K_2O)施用量(折纯)分别为559.5、465.2、599.3 kg hm~(-2)。通过分析设施菜地土壤次生盐渍化影响因素发现,化肥的高投入是可溶性盐分增加的一个重要原因,但在实际生产中受各种因素影响,未表现出完全线性相关关系;可溶性盐分增加与种植年限密切相关。典型对应分析发现,施肥数量、种植年限均会影响盐渍化程度,但影响各不相同。氮肥、磷肥和钾肥对K~+和Na~+的影响较大;Ca~(2+)和SO_4~(2-)含量受种植年限影响较大,K~+、Na~+、HCO_3~-和Cl~-受种植年限的影响较小;Mg~(2+)受氮磷钾肥和种植年限的影响均较大。     

Faster anaerobic decomposition of a brittle straw rice mutant: Implications for residue management

Rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia is typically grown on submerged soils in intensive cropping systems with only a brief interval between harvest of one crop and planting of the next. Incorporation of crop residues can be challenging because the fallow period between crops is often too short to allow sufficient decomposition. During early stages of anaerobic residue decomposition in flooded soils, plant growth may be inhibited by nutrient immobilization or by the production of potentially toxic organic acids. Straw from a brittle stem mutant of rice (Oryza sativa L. var. IR68) was tested in a 30-d incubation experiment under continuously flooded conditions in a greenhouse to determine if it would decompose more rapidly than the non-brittle phenotype, thereby allowing shorter fallow time between crops. Brittle straw decomposed faster, as indicated by 51% total C loss as CO₂ or CH₄ within 3 weeks of incorporation, compared with 28% for non-brittle straw. However, brittle straw also produced a significantly higher (P<0.0001) amount of formic, acetic, aconitic, propionic, and butyric acids than non-brittle straw. There was no difference in soil N immobilization pattern between the two straw types, or in P or K availability in the soil, perhaps due to the short duration of the experiment. To maximize the potential advantage of faster decomposition of brittle straw in intensive rice cropping systems, it may be helpful to manage water for sufficient soil aeration to mitigate the negative organic acid and methane production effects.     

Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils

Rice paddy soils are characterized by anoxic conditions, anaerobic carbon turnover, and significant emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. A main source for soil organic matter in paddy fields is the rice crop residue that is returned to fields if not burned. We investigated as an alternative treatment the amendment of rice paddies with rice residues that have been charred to black carbon. This treatment might avoid various negative side effects of traditional rice residue treatments. Although charred biomass is seen as almost recalcitrant, its impact on trace gas (CO₂, CH₄) production and emissions in paddy fields has not been studied. We quantified the degradation of black carbon produced from rice husks in four wetland soils in laboratory incubations. In two of the studied soils the addition of carbonised rice husks resulted in a transient increase in carbon mineralisation rates in comparison to control soils without organic matter addition. After almost three years, between 4.4% and 8.5% of the black carbon added was mineralised to CO₂ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The addition of untreated rice husks resulted in a strong increase in carbon mineralisation rates and in the same time period 77%-100% of the added rice husks were mineralised aerobically and 31%-54% anaerobically. The ¹³C-signatures of respired CO₂ gave a direct indication of black carbon mineralisation to CO_2. In field trials we quantified the impact of rice husk black carbon or untreated rice husks on soil respiration and methane emissions. The application of black carbon had no significant effect on soil respiration but significantly enhanced methane emissions in the first rice crop season. The additional methane released accounted for only 0.14% of black carbon added. If the same amount of organic carbon was added as untreated rice husks, 34% of the applied carbon was released as CO₂ and methane in the first season. Furthermore, the addition of fresh harvest residues to paddy fields resulted in a disproportionally high increase in methane emissions. Estimating the carbon budget of the different rice crop residue treatments indicated that charring of rice residues and adding the obtained black carbon to paddy fields instead of incorporating untreated harvest residues may reduce field methane emissions by as much as 80%. Hence, the production of black carbon from rice harvest residues could be a powerful strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields.     

生物炭和秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田土壤温室气体通量的影响

为了研究生物炭及秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田温室气体通量的影响,以内蒙古科尔沁地区玉米农田为试验对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对分别施入生物炭0 t·hm^-2（CK）、15 t·hm^-2（C15）、30 t·hm^-2（C30）、45 t·hm^-2（C45）及秸秆还田（SNPK）的土壤进行温室气体（CO₂、CH₄和N₂O）通量的原位观测,并估算生长季CH₄和N₂O的综合增温潜势（GWP）与排放强度（GHGI）。结果表明：添加生物炭能够显著减少土壤CO₂和N₂O的排放量,并促进土壤对CH₄的吸收作用。其中处理C15对CO₂的减排效果最好,与对照相比CO₂排放量降低21.16%。随着施入生物炭量的增加,生物炭对N₂O排放的抑制作用不断增强,处理C45对减排效果最好,与对照相比N₂O排放量降低86.25%。处理C15对土壤吸收CH₄的促进效果最好,CH₄吸收量增加56.62%;处理C45对CH₄的排放有促进作用,使生长季土壤吸收CH₄减少81.36%。SNPK对温室气体的减排作用接近处理C15。添加生物炭和秸秆还田对提高玉米产量和降低农田GWP与GHGI均有显著效果,施用生物炭及秸秆还田均有效提高了科尔沁地区的玉米产量,且玉米产量随着施入生物炭含量的增大而提升。从GWP上来看,施用15 t·hm^-2生物炭对温室气体减排的整体效果最好。从GHGI上来看,施用生物炭及秸秆还田均具有一定的经济效益和减排意义,其中施用15 t·hm^-2生物炭的综合效益最高。因此综合经济效益与环境因素,建议科尔沁地区农田在种植玉米时添加15 t·hm^-2生物炭,如不具备购买生物炭条件,可以考虑秸秆还田来实现玉米增产与温室气体减排。