Tillage-induced environmental conditions in soil and substrate limitation determine biogenic gas production

Tillage changes soil environmental conditions and controls the distribution of residues in the soil, both actions that affect the production and emission of soil biogenic gases (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄). The objective of this study was to determine how tillage-induced environmental conditions and substrate quality affect the mineralization rate of easily metabolizable compounds and the subsequent production of these gases. Carbon compounds, with and without nitrogen, were applied to soil cropped to maize under tilled and no-till systems. Following substrate application in the spring and summer, biogenic gases were measured periodically at the soil surface (flux) and within the profile (concentration) at 10-, 20-, and 30-cm depths (i.e., within, at the bottom of, and below the plough layer). Strong CO₂ and N₂O responses to sucrose and glycine in both the field and the laboratory indicate that the soil was C- and N-limited. Surface fluxes of CO₂ and N₂O were greater in soils amended with glycine than with sucrose and were greater in tilled than no-till soils. Transient emission of CH₄ following the addition of glycine was observed and could be attributed to inhibition of N mineralization and nitrification processes on CH₄ oxidation. Laboratory and field measurements indicated that the larger substrate-induced CO₂ emission from the tilled soils could not be attributed to differences in the total biomass or the basal respiratory activity of the soils. Thus, there appears to be no underlying difference in the functional capacity of the microbial communities under different tillage regimes. Comparison of gas profiles indicates relative accumulation of CO₂ at depth in soils under no-till, as well as greater decline in profile CO₂ content with time in the tilled compared to the no-till soil. These results support the conclusion that greater CO₂ efflux from the tilled soils resulted from more rapid gas diffusion through the profile. Hence, the observed differences in gas fluxes between tilled and no-till soils can be attributed to differences in physical environment.     

No-till only increases N2O emissions in poorly-aerated soils

Denitrification rates are often greater in no-till than in tilled soils and net soil-surface greenhouse gas emissions could be increased by enhanced soil N₂O emissions following adoption of no-till. The objective of this study was to summarize published experimental results to assess whether the response of soil N₂O fluxes to the adoption of no-till is influenced by soil aeration. A total of 25 field studies presenting direct comparisons between conventional tillage and no-till (approximately 45 site-years of data) were reviewed and grouped according to soil aeration status estimated using drainage class and precipitation during the growing season. The summary showed that no-till generally increased N₂O emissions in poorly-aerated soils but was neutral in soils with good and medium aeration. On average, soil N₂O emissions under no-till were 0.06 kg N ha⁻¹ lower, 0.12 kg N ha⁻¹ higher and 2.00 kg N ha⁻¹ higher than under tilled soils with good, medium and poor aeration, respectively. Our results therefore suggest that the impact of no-till on N₂O emissions is small in well-aerated soils but most often positive in soils where aeration is reduced by conditions or properties restricting drainage. Considering typical soil C gains following adoption of no-till, we conclude that increased N₂O losses may result in a negative greenhouse gas balance for many poorly-drained fine-textured agricultural soils under no-till located in regions with a humid climate.     

不同时期施用生物炭对稻田N_2O和CH_4排放的影响

通过分别在水稻季(R)和小麦季(W)设置对照(RB0-N0、WB0-N0)、单施氮肥(RB0-N1、WB0-N1)、20 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB1-N1、WB1-N1)、40 t hm-2生物炭与氮配施(RB2-N1、WB2-N1)等8个处理,研究稻麦轮作周年系统N2O和CH4排放规律及其引起的综合温室效应(Global warming potential,GWP)和温室气体强度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)特征。结果表明:稻季配施20 t hm-2生物炭对N2O和CH4的排放、作物产量及GWP和GHGI均都无明显影响;稻季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低8.6%的CH4的排放和9.3%的GWP,显著增加作物产量17.2%。麦季配施20 t hm-2生物炭虽然对温室气体及GWP影响不明显,但显著增加21.6%的作物产量,从而显著降低21.7%的GHGI;麦季配施40 t hm-2生物炭能显著降低20.9%和11.3%的N2O和CH4排放,显著降低15.7%和23.5%的GWP和GHGI。因此麦季配施生物炭对减少N2O和CH4的排放、增加稻麦轮作产量及降低GWP和GHGI的效果较稻季配施生物炭效果更好。     

Factors underlying the investment decision in energy-saving systems in Dutch horticulture

In the Netherlands the greenhouse sector is a major user of energy. It accounts for 7% of the total national energy use and for 79% of the total energy use in agriculture. In order to sustain this sector on the long term, it is important that its use of energy is lowered. One way of reducing energy use by horticultural producers is investing in energy-saving systems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the investment behavior of firm operators in the adoption of energy-saving systems. Research objectives of the paper are (1) to analyze factors underlying the decision to invest, (2) to explore factors underlying the optimal size of investments. Three investment theories were used to construct an empirical model of investment. Consequently, this model was estimated in a two-stage procedure to analyze the factors influencing the decision of farmers to invest and the level of investments. The paper ends with policy implications.     

基于作物模型的温室环境管理系统设计与实现

为改进温室环境管理系统的性能,获取实时动态生成的决策信息,建立了基于作物模型的温室环境管理系统。在借鉴前人先进研究成果的基础上,通过实验建立了简化的温室番茄和黄瓜作物生长模型;其次,通过收集资料和专家经验建立了温室环境管理知识库;最后,应用农业环境实时监测数据,综合利用模型预测和知识推理建立了温室环境管理决策支持系统。通过实际运行表明,系统可实时动态输出室内温度、光照等参数的优化值及其它相关辅助决策信息,通过进一步完善可望取得更好的应用前景。     

温室网纹甜瓜发育模拟模型研究

 通过研究甜瓜的发育生理生态过程, 建立了以生理发育时间为基础的温室甜瓜发育过程模拟模型, 并利用不同播期、地点和品种的试验资料对模型进行了检验。结果表明, 模型对发芽期、幼苗期、伸蔓期、开花期、结果期等各生育期及全生育期的模拟预测值与实际观测值的符合度较好, 其回归估计标准误差(RMSE) 分别为1、3、2.2、1.8、1.1、2.6 d。     

The new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole succinic (DMPSA) as an alternative to DMPP for reducing N2O emissions from wheat crops under humid Mediterranean conditions

Nowadays agricultural practices are based in the use of N fertilizers which can lead to environmental N losses. These losses can occur as nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions as result of the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification. N₂O together with carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) are the strongest greenhouse gases (GHG) associated with agricultural soils. Nitrification inhibitors (NI) have been developed with the aim of decreasing fertilizer-induced N losses and increasing N efficiency. One of the most popular NI is the 3,4-dimethylpyrazol phosphate (DMPP) which have proven to be an advisable strategy to mitigate GHG emissions while maintaining crops yield. A new NI, 3,4-dimethylpyrazole succinic (DMPSA), has been developed. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of the new nitrification inhibitor DMPSA on greenhouse gases emissions, wheat yield and grain protein with respect to DMPP. For this purpose a field-experiment was carried out for two years. Fertilizer dose, with and without NIs, was 180 kg N ha⁻¹ applied as ammonium sulphate (AS) split in two applications of 60 kg N ha⁻¹ and 120 kg N ha⁻¹, respectively. A single application of 180 kg N ha⁻¹ of AS with NIs was also made. An unfertilized treatment was also included. The new nitrification inhibitor DMPSA reduces N₂O emissions up to levels of the unfertilized control treatment maintaining the yield and its components. The DMPSA shows the same behavior as DMPP in relation to N₂O fluxes, as well as wheat yield and quality. In spite of applying a double dose of N at stem elongation than at tillering, N₂O losses from that period are lower than at tillering as a consequence of the influence of soil water content and temperature reducing the N₂O/N₂ ratio by denitrification. NI efficiency in reducing N₂O losses is determined by the magnitude of the losses from the AS treatment.     

剪叶对温室硬果型番茄生长和群体光能利用性能的影响

以温室硬果型番茄‘保罗塔’为试材,对其植株进行不同剪叶程度（剪除叶片的1/2和1/3）、剪叶方位（在植株东、西侧剪去1/2叶）和剪叶部位（在植株的中、下部剪去1/2叶）的处理,比较了不同剪叶方式对植株生长、株幅、群体光分布和坐果状况的影响。结果表明：剪叶程度、剪叶方位和剪叶部位对植株长势影响均不大。剪叶程度越大,群体的透光效果越好;剪叶方位对光照影响较大;中部剪叶后,下部的光照值增大,通风透光增强,对植株生长有一定的促进作用。剪叶处理后,坐果数略少,但影响程度不大。剪叶处理后番茄株幅降低,种植时可以缩小株行距,有利于增加田间栽植密度。     

遮光对温室番石榴新梢和叶片形态及其光合特性的影响

由于温室后墙遮光和高密度栽培下枝叶的遮光,北方日光温室番石榴冠层局部常出现严重的弱光现象。为弄清弱光对番石榴的影响,对2 a生温室盆栽"珍珠"番石榴采用遮阳网(遮光率60%左右)覆盖处理,40 d后调查比较新梢和叶片形态及其光合特性的变化。结果表明:新梢长度和节间长度明显增加,叶面积增大,叶片厚度减小,比叶重减小;栅栏组织厚度减小,栅海比减小,气孔密度降低,气孔尺寸变小;净光合速率降低;光合色素含量减小。可见,遮光处理后,番石榴的新梢长势增强,光合性能下降,因此,应采取必要手段改善温室番石榴冠层的光照条件。     

水肥耦合对番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用二因素(水、肥二因素)二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了水肥耦合技术对番茄产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明:F回>F0.01(5,7),说明灌水定额、施肥定额二因素与分析项目之间存在极显著的回归关系。2个因素重要性顺序为施肥量>灌水量。根据边际效益分析可知,边际产量随水肥的增加而增加,边际硝酸盐含量随水分增大呈减少趋势,而随着施肥量的增加呈增加趋势。通过计算机模拟,提出了高产、低硝酸盐含量的最优水肥组合方案:灌水指标为2710.95~2735.25m3/hm2,施肥指标:尿素或磷酸一铵的用量为264.6~280.5 kg/hm2。