Involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in insulin-induced S6K1 activation in avian cells

In mammals, insulin regulates S6K1, a key enzyme involved in the control of protein synthesis, via the well-documented phosphoinositide-3'kinase (PI3K) pathway. Conversely, S6K1 is activated by insulin in avian muscle despite the relative insulin insensitivity of the PI3K pathway in this tissue. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is another insulin sensitive pathway. The aim of this study was to explore the potential involvement of the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in the control of p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) in avian species. Firstly, we characterized ERK1/2 MAPK in various chicken tissues. ERK2 was the only isoform detected in avian species whatever the tissue studied. We also showed that ERK2 is activated in vivo by insulin in chicken muscle. The regulation and the role of ERK2 in insulin signaling were next investigated in chicken hepatoma cells (LMH) and primary myoblasts. Insulin stimulation led to ERK2 and S6K1 phosphorylation, and concomitantly increased kinase activity. U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK MAPK pathway, completely abolished insulin-induced S6K1 phosphorylation and activity in chicken myoblasts, whereas its effect was only partial in LMH cells. In conclusion, these results show that ERK1/2 MAPK is involved in the control of S6K1 by insulin in chicken cells, particularly myoblasts.     

Present Concepts on the Inflammatory Modulators with Special Reference to Cytokines*

The pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines create a network of interactions between cells that lead to both stimulatory and inhibitory responses that maintain an effective homeostatic regulation. The anti-inflammatory cytokines are a family of peptides that modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Cytokines act in concert with non-cytokine mediators, such as prostaglandin E₂, glucocorticosteroids, lipocortins, and catecholamines. This review highlights new developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammation and gives an example of a more recent approach to the modulation of acute systemic inflammatory disorders: activation of ₂-adrenergic receptors on macrophages. In this respect the potent ₂-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol seems of therapeutic interest.     

视频图像编码的现状与发展

本文介绍了静态和运动图像压缩编码国际标准的发展过程中出现的一系列标准,特别是JPEG2000、MPEG-4以及H.264,总结了这些国际标准的压缩效果、应用场合及相应的压缩编码算法,分析讨论了这些新标准的特点和优越性。     

猪繁殖和呼吸综合症山东分离株ORF7基因的克隆、测序及鉴定

山东某些养殖场发生以母猪流产或产死胎、木乃伊等为特症的流行性繁殖障碍病,怀疑为猪繁殖与呼吸综合症病毒(PRRSV)所致.自行设计了一对针对PRRSV的N基因的特异性引物P1和P2,通过RT-PCR技术对分别从潍坊和济南收集到的可疑病料进行检测,结果为阳性,并得到1条366bp的DNA片段.纯化此扩增产物,然后与PMD-18T载体连接,转化大肠杆菌DH5α.结果得到了1个ORF7基因与PMD-18T载体的重组质粒PMD-18T-ORF7.通过EcoRⅠ/BamHⅠ双酶切及PCR证明此重组质粒即为ORF7基因与PMD-18T载体的重组质粒,从而为ORF7基因及其表达的核衣壳蛋白进一步研究奠定了基础.     

盐酸处理蚕卵酯酶A4的活性变化及其与滞育性的关系

从家蚕C108品种蚕卵精制酯酶A4,首次测定了产卵后24～96h浸酸蚕卵酯酶A4的ATPase活性。蚕卵经盐酸处理后在体外5℃1～2d或体外25℃1～3h出现酶活性峰。与低温活化蚕卵比较,产卵后24～96h的浸酸蚕卵,在体外5℃酶活性峰出现时间提早了8．5～22d,在体外25℃提早了3～9h。浸酸后蚕卵迅速解除滞育,滞育发育时间显著缩短。将不同卵龄未浸酸蚕卵与盐酸处理蚕卵酯酶A4的ATPase活性峰出现时间差制成曲线,在体外5℃或25℃的结果几乎都完全与5℃冷藏时蚕卵的滞育发育时间曲线重叠。盐酸处理蚕卵酯酶A4的活性变化与蚕卵活化有高度相关性。     

ACE inhibition in goats under fixed‐time artificial insemination protocol increases the pregnancy rate and twin births

To assess the effect of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition on the efficiency of the fixed‐time artificial insemination (TAI), 69 goats were divided randomly into two groups: enalapril (n = 35) and control (n = 34). In the experiment, all animals underwent the protocol of fixed‐time artificial insemination for 12 days. Enalapril group received enalapril maleate dissolved in saline (Enalapril, Lab Teuto Ltda) subcutaneously at the following doses: 0.2 mg/kg/day in D0‐D2; 0.3 mg/kg/day in D3‐D6 and 0.4 mg/kg/day in D7‐D11. The control group received the corresponding volume of 0.9% saline solution. We performed a single insemination 36 hr after sponge removal using frozen semen from two adult male goats with recognized fertility. The ultrasound pregnancy diagnosis was 30 days after the artificial insemination (AI). There was significant increase in pregnancy rates and twinning as well as a decrease in foetal loss in animals receiving enalapril (p < .01). The use of ACE inhibitors during the TAI protocol was shown to be a promising alternative to increase the efficiency of such reproductive biotechnology.     

Comparative Evaluation of 2 In-Clinic Assays for Vector-Borne Disease Testing in Dogs

Vector-borne agents comprise medically important infections affecting dogs throughout much of the world. Sensitive detection of antibodies directed at tick-borne disease-causing organisms in dogs is diagnostically important for veterinarians, pets and their owners, and epidemiologically important for public health surveillance. The SNAP 4Dx Plus Test (IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Westbrook, ME) identifies antibodies to or infection with multiple tick-borne pathogens and canine heartworm antigen in a single assay. Recently, VetScan FLEX4 Rapid Test (Abaxis, Inc., Union City, CA) was launched as a new assay to detect tick-borne pathogen antibodies and heartworm antigen. In the present study, we evaluated the comparative performance of SNAP 4Dx Plus (SNAP) and FLEX4 Rapid Test (FLEX4) using samples selected based on geographic distributions for canine vector borne diseases, including Borrelia burgdorferi (n = 105), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (160), Anaplasma platys (115), Ehrlichia canis (154), Ehrlichia ewingii (163), Ehrlichia chaffeensis (151) and Dirofilaria immitis (105). Canine vector borne diseases infection status was established for each sample by a combination of reference methods that included necropsy (D. immitis, heartworm disease), Western immunoblotting (B. burgdorferi), immunofluorescence assays (A. phagocytophilum and E. canis) and species-specific ELISAs (A. platys, E. canis, E. ewingii and E. chaffeensis). For comparisons among the 2 assays, samples were evaluated per the manufacturers’ instructions for each test kit.By testing each same sample set compared to the defined reference results, sensitivities differed substantially between SNAP and FLEX4, at 95.5 vs. 40.9%, respectively for B. burgdorferi, 97.1% vs. 61.4% for E. canis, 98.2% vs. 59.3% for E. ewingii, 64.3% vs. 35.7% for E. chaffeensis, 84.5% vs. 12.7% for A. phagocytophilum, 83.3% vs. 33.3% for A. platys, and 94.1% vs. 88.2% for D. immitis. Specificities for both rapid assay tests ranged from 98% to 100%.Based upon the comparative results derived from this study, the SNAP test was more sensitive than the FLEX4 test for detection of antibodies to all tick-borne pathogens and heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) antigen in dogs.     

高锌对仔猪肝脏脂肪代谢的影响

本研究旨在探讨高浓度硫酸锌对仔猪肝脏脂肪代谢的影响.试验选用120头平均始重为(26.66±2.45)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,随机分成4组(对照组、试验组Ⅰ、试验组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅲ),每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪,分别饲喂添加60、300、1 000和3 000 mg/kg锌的基础饲粮.预试期7 d,正试期16 d.结果表明,与对照组相比,1)各试验组血清总甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量均显著提高(P<0.05);2)试验组Ⅲ血清总胆固醇、C18:1脂肪酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),肝脏C18:0、C18:2脂肪酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),而C16:0脂肪酸含量无显著变化(P>0.05);3)试验组Ⅱ和试验组Ⅲ肝脏硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶1(SCD1)mRNA水平、血浆瘦素和胰岛素含量都显著升高(P<0.05).随着锌浓度的升高,血浆四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T4)含量显著降低(P<0.05),三碘甲状腺素原氨酸(T3)和胰高血糖素含量有上升趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05).由此可知,饲粮中添加1 000和3 000 mg/kg锌上调了仔猪肝脏SCD1转录水平,促进了机体饱和脂肪酸(C18:0)的去饱和化,增加了机体甘油三酯和胆固醇的合成,且高锌可通过促进瘦素和胰岛素的分泌调节机体的脂肪代谢.     

H7N9亚型禽流感对辽宁省畜牧业的影响及其对策

禽流感已成为国际上广泛关注的公共卫生事件,因此,加强对流感状况的认识和了解将有助于人们有效地防控流感。本文对禽流感病毒的流行现状及对辽宁省畜牧业的影响进行综述,旨在为有效防制禽流感提供理论依据。     

除臭微生物7NC培养基和培养条件的优化

针对除臭微生物7NC的应用,采用单因素试验和正交试验的方法对菌株7NC进行了培养基以及培养基组分的筛选。结果表明,7NC较理想的培养基为营养肉汤培养基:蛋白胨10 g/L,氯化钠8 g/L,葡萄糖1 g/L,PH 7.5,酵母粉3 g/L,最适条件为温度37℃,摇床培养(130 r/min),接种量为3%。试验结果为7NC的大规模生产提供了参数,提高了产量。