小麦品种对赤霉病的慢病性研究

采用分生孢子悬浮液花期喷雾接种法,在大田研究了12个小麦品种对赤霉病菌的抗病性,系统记载了小麦赤霉病病穗率和发病严重度,计算病情指数并进行曲线拟合,结果表明,小麦赤霉病病情指数发展过程符合Logistic模型。计算AUDPC并进行聚类分析,结果表明,12个小麦品种对赤霉病的抗病性可分为抗病性、慢病性和感病性3种类型。其中陕229、陕213、小偃135和88(1)16-9等品种具有群体慢发抗病性。     

串珠镰刀菌的营养体亲和性

利用氯酸盐对串珠镰刀菌菌株进行诱变并获得ｎｉｔ突变体,所获得突变体中,以ｎｉｔＡ比例最高。采用ｎｉｔ突变体互补型配对技术,测定分离自水稻、玉米、棉花及大豆植物上串珠镰刀菌的营养体亲和群。结果显示,１５７个菌株分属于７１个营养体亲和群;不同群体间的菌株仅测出玉米田群体内的一个菌株和大豆田群体内的两个菌株属于同一个营养体亲和群,其它群体间的菌株则分属不同的营养技术亲和群。菌株ＳＡ１８经抗药性诱变、连续     

北京和浙江地区玉米青枯病病原菌的分离与鉴定

 1982-1986年，对北京、浙江地区的玉米青枯病病原菌进行分离和鉴定。在1985和1986两年分离的200株病株中，腐霉菌（Pythium）占66.5%，镰刀菌（Fusarium）占37%，丝核菌（Rhizoctonia）占10.5%，细菌（Bacteria）占4.5%，蠕孢菌（Helminthosporium）占3%。回接成株期玉米试验表明，肿囊腐霉菌（P.inflatum Malthews）和禾生腐霉菌（P.graminicola Subram）是玉米青枯病的病原菌，而禾谷镰刀菌（F.graminearum Schw.）则不是，至少不是主要病原菌。从玉米上分离出肿囊腐霉菌，过去未见报道。     

Whitened kernel surface: A fast and reliable method for assessing Fusarium severity on cereal grains by digital picture analysis

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a cereal disease of major importance responsible for yield losses and mycotoxin contaminations in grains. Here, we introduce a new measurement approach to quantify FHB severity on grains based on the evaluation of the whitened kernel surface (WKS) using digital image analysis. The applicability of WKS was assessed on two bread wheat and one triticale grain sample sets (265 samples). Pearson correlation coefficients between Fusarium‐damaged kernels (FDK) and WKS range from r = 0.77 to r = 0.81 and from r = 0.61 to r = 0.86 for the correlation between deoxynivalenol (DON) content and WKS. This new scoring method facilitates fast and reliable assessment of the resistance to kernel infection and shows significant correlation with mycotoxin content. WKS can be automated and does not suffer from the “human factor” inherent to visual scorings. As a low‐cost and fast approach, this method appears particularly attractive for breeding and genetic analysis of FHB resistance where typically large numbers of experimental lines need to be evaluated, and for which WKS is suggested as an alternative to visual FDK scorings.     

甜瓜种子传带真菌初步研究

采用洗涤检验法和PDA培养基法对来自北京、河北、黑龙江、辽宁、吉林、陕西、甘肃、河南、安徽和上海等地的32个甜瓜品种的种子传带真菌情况进行检测。结果表明,干种子、种子洗涤悬浮液、水洗后种子和1%NaClO处理后的甜瓜种仁均检测到青霉菌、曲霉菌、镰刀菌和链格孢菌;经1%NaClO处理过后的甜瓜种子、种皮和种仁的带菌率明显低于干种子的带菌率,且经1%NaClO处理过后的甜瓜种子和种皮未检测到曲霉菌。     

层出镰刀菌处理对食用百合保护酶相关基因表达的影响

以4种食用百合为试材,利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法,研究了层出镰刀菌处理对食用百合保护酶相关基因(POD、CAT)相对表达量的影响,以期为研究食用百合抵抗逆境的分子机制提供参考依据。结果表明:POD在“龙牙×兰州”(R6-2、6)杂交百合、“铁炮×兰州”杂交百合、“兰州”百合被处理后的第1天相对表达量达到峰值且显著高于处理后的其它时间段,分别约为对照组的18.57、63.81、51.41、37.42倍,然而“铁炮”百合则是被处理后的第3天相对表达量达到峰值且显著高于处理后的其它时间段,约为对照组的113.19倍;CAT在“龙牙×兰州”(6)杂交百合、“铁炮×兰州”杂交百合均是被处理后的第1天相对表达量达到峰值且其显著高于处理后的其它时间段,分别约为对照组的68.02、19.77倍,在“龙牙×兰州”(R6-2)杂交百合、“兰州”百合则是被处理后的第3天相对表达量达到峰值,且显著高于处理后的其它时间段,分别约为对照组的30.69、25.19倍,铁炮百合是被处理后的第5天基因相对表达量达到峰值且显著高于其它时间段,约为对照组的71.83倍。     

西瓜嫁接砧木资源及其杂交组合枯萎病抗性鉴定

为了筛选西瓜枯萎病抗性砧木材料,对近年来收集整理的部分西瓜亲本材料及选配的砧木组合进行苗期枯萎病抗性人工接种鉴定。以国际上公认的5个西瓜枯萎病鉴别寄主材料(‘Black Diamond’‘Crimson Sweet’‘Charleston Gray’‘Calhoun Gray’‘PI296341-FR’)以及选配的49份西瓜砧木资源为试材,采用尖镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)孢子悬浮液人工接种法,鉴定试验所用的西瓜枯萎病菌生理小种和砧木材料的枯萎病抗性。结果表明:鉴别寄主‘Black Diamond’‘Crimson Sweet’‘Charleston Gray’‘Calhoun Gray’‘PI296341-FR’的病情指数分别达85.2、53.0、27.2、19.2和7.8,抗性级别分别为感病、轻抗、中抗和抗病;49份西瓜砧木材料中,筛选出对Race 1表现抗病的材料有10份,占总供试材料的20.4%,中抗材料29份,占59.2%,轻抗材料10份,占20.4%,不存在免疫和完全感病的材料。确认该试验所用尖孢镰刀菌为生理小种1,筛选确定了高抗西瓜枯萎病的4份亲本材料588、893、BEH和FR328,6份杂交材料威砧101、Be-3×893、(BEH-15×Sugarlee)×893、(BEH1-15×Sugarlee)×341、(BEH1-15×AW2-1)×341和(BYH-1×Sugarlee)×893,可为设施西瓜生产提供优良的嫁接砧木资源。     

小麦赤霉菌FGSG＿05656基因敲除及功能分析

小麦赤霉菌FGSG05656基因在MGV1敲除突变体中显著下调,为了进一步研究其生物学功能,本研究采用Split-Marker基因敲除技术,构建了含有潮霉素抗性基因(hph)的基因缺失盒。通过聚乙二醇(PEG)法转化野生型原生质体。潮霉素(Hygromycin)选择培养基筛选转化子后,PCR正负筛选鉴定敲除突变体。基于缺失突变体的表型和感染能力的变化来分析FGSG05656基因的生物学功能。与野生型PH-1相比,敲除突变体的生长速率和分生孢子数显著减少,表明FGSG05656基因可能参与菌丝体的生长和分生孢子的发生。植物感染试验显示缺失突变体与野生型之间没有显著差异。分生孢子是病原菌感染寄主的主要器官,它的减少可以显著减弱病原菌的扩散,FGSG05656基因敲除突变体分生孢子显著减少,这一结果对于进一步研究分生孢子发生的分子机理具有重要意义,同时为小麦抗病分子育种提供依据。     

玉米镰孢穗腐病发生条件及化学防治效果研究

通过人工接种筛选抗病品种资源,研究播期、种植密度对病害发生的影响,明确玉米镰孢菌穗腐病发生与品种资源、播期、种植密度的关系,分析棘孢木霉菌颗粒剂(TCF)和XDS种衣剂(40%毒死蜱乳油、20%辛硫磷和10%井岗霉素混剂)对玉米穗腐病的防效。结果表明,32个自交系中有6个抗病自交系,延迟播种玉米镰孢菌穗腐病发生严重,播种密度对病害发生程度无显著影响。人工接种条件下,TCF颗粒剂穴施、XDS种衣剂拌种2个处理表现为百粒重增加、秃尖长度降低,TCF颗粒剂穴施处理的防效最高,为48.69%。     

Biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas azotoformans,Serratia marcescens and Trichoderma virens against Fusarium wilt of Dalbergia sissoo

Wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani is a serious constraint to Dalbergia sissoo (shisham) plantations in northern India. In this study, the antagonistic potential of 40 bacterial isolates recovered from rhizophere soil of healthy shisham trees, and a well‐characterized Trichoderma species (Trichoderma virens) were tested for their possibility as biocontrol agents for F. solani. Two promising isolates (S1 and S15) were identified which inhibited pathogen growth, caused chitin degradation, produced siderophores and solubilized phosphate in vitro. Isolate S15 scored highest for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production while isolate S1 was a non‐HCN producer. These two isolates were identified as Serratia marcescens (S1) and Pseudomonas azotoformans (S15) following sequence analysis of 16S rDNA. In dual culture assays, T. virens caused 80% inhibition of mycelial growth of the test fungus. The three selected antagonists when tested in planta in the glasshouse completely suppressed production of wilt symptoms on 12‐month‐old shisham plants. Further work is needed to ascertain the potential of these isolates to be used as biocontrol agents to manage shisham wilt under field conditions.