一种大型野生真菌子实体解剖学和可食性研究

研究了一种大型野生真菌子实体的解剖学特征和子实体的可食性,结果表明:该野生真菌属蘑菇科环柄菇属红顶环柄菇;子实层主要由担子和侧囊状体组成,担子顶部着生4个担孢子,孢子印白色,菌髓中菌丝排列不规则,属混淆不规则型,丝状菌肉;子实体提取液对果蝇生长发育具有促进作用;品尝试验,未出现不良反应。     

外生菌根真菌纯培养中生理活性物质代谢的研究

随着外生菌根研究的不断深入,越来越多的菌根工作者开始注意到了外生菌根真菌生理活性物质研究的重要价值。T.Santoro et al.,G.N.Krywolap et al.,D.H Marx等先后研究了外生菌根菌在各种培养条件下产生拮抗活性物质及这些拮抗物的理化性质和生物学功能,证明了外生菌根具有生物防治效应的部分原因是由于真菌抗生素的分泌。80年代以来,发现外生菌根及其真菌产生的植物激素在形成菌根及促进寄主植物生长方面起重要作用。如J.H.Graham et al.等先后研究了外生菌根菌产生某些     

Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil microorganisms and maize biomass are linked in the rhizosphere

Silver nanoparticles hold great promise as effective anti-microbial compounds in a myriad of applications but may also pose a threat to non-target bacteria and fungi in the environment. Because microorganisms are involved in extensive interactions with many other organisms, these partner species are also prone to indirect negative effects from silver nanoparticles.Here, we focus on the effects of nanosilver exposure in the rhizosphere. Specifically, we evaluate the effect of 100 mg kg⁻¹ silver nanoparticles on maize plants, as well as on the bacteria and fungi in the plant's rhizosphere and the surrounding bulk soil. Maize biomass measurements, microbial community fingerprints, an indicator of microbial enzymatic activity, and carbon use diversity profiles are used. Hereby, it is shown that 100 mg kg⁻¹ silver nanoparticles in soil increases maize biomass, and that this effect coincides with significant alterations of the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. The bacterial community in nanosilver exposed rhizosphere shows less enzymatic activity and significantly altered carbon use and community composition profiles. Fungal communities are less affected by silver nanoparticles, as their composition is only slightly modified by nanosilver exposure. In addition, the microbial changes noted in the rhizosphere were significantly different from those noted in the bulk soil, indicated by different nanosilver-induced alterations of carbon use and community composition profiles in bulk and rhizosphere soil.Overall, microorganisms in the rhizosphere seem to play an important role when evaluating the fate and effects of silver nanoparticle exposure in soil, and not only is the nanosilver response different for bacteria and fungi, but also for bulk and rhizosphere soil. Consequently, assessment of microbial populations should be considered an essential parameter when investigating the impacts of nanoparticle exposure.     

盘锦芦苇湿地土壤微生物数量研究

基于盘锦湿地生态系统野外观测站芦苇群落生长季6~9月的定位观测资料,分析了芦苇湿地土壤微生物不同时间及不同层次上的动态。结果表明:在三个层次时间动态土壤的细菌数量最大,其次是放线菌,最少的是真菌。不同层次中10～20cm土壤层中的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量最大。细菌数量从6月的最高值逐渐减少,到8月达到最低,而后逐渐增加;放线菌数量从6月最高值急剧减少,至8月达到最低值,然后逐渐增加;真菌数量则表现为从6月开始逐渐增加,至9月达到最大值。芦苇湿地土壤微生物不同层次上的百分比变化表明:在0～10cm、10～20cm和20～30cm的3个层次上及微生物总数中土壤的细菌所占比率最大,而且在3个层次上的比率从上到下是逐渐增大的;其次是放线菌,且在3个层次上的比率是逐渐减少的;最少的是真菌,在3个层次上相差不大,接近为零,在整个微生物中所占比率为最少的。     

菌渣复合基质栽培川贝母配方试验

[目的]比较3种菌渣复合基质对川贝母的生长情况,根据生理指标,筛选出较优配方。[方法]采用不同菌渣与基础基质按一定比例进行配制,设置10%、20%、30%和50%共4个梯度处理,探讨其对川贝母幼苗形态和生长指标的影响,利用SPSS 16.0软件分析,采用单因素方差分析和显著差异法对不同混合基质对川贝母的生长进行综合评价。[结果]随着菌渣比例的增加,有机质、水解N以及P的含量均有所增加。处理C组(菌渣∶腐殖土=3∶7),即含菌渣30%配方,川贝母的生长状况各项指标均最好。[结论]有机质、水解N以及P的适量增加均对川贝的生长起着促进作用,且在此次试验中的最佳配方为C(菌渣∶腐殖土=3∶7)。     

板栗共生菌根真菌种类及其发生规律的研究

经调查能与板栗形成外生菌根的真菌有１３属２９种，分布的优势真菌有马勃属（ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｄｏｎ）、须腹菌属（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｏｇｏｎ）、秃马勃属（Ｃａｌｖａｔｉａ）、红菇属（Ｒｕｓｓｕｌａ）、牛肝菌属（Ｂｏｌｅｔｕｓ）、鹅膏属（Ａｍａｎｉｔａ）、松塔牛肝菌属（Ｓｔｒｏｂｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓ）等。外生菌根真菌与板栗共生关系的强弱主要取决于真菌种类，马勃类和须腹菌与板栗共生菌根发育最好，其次为红菇属及牛肝菌属。不同真菌发生的规律不同，但子实体“潮”的出现与降雨最为密切。土壤通气性好、湿度较大有利于菌根真菌子实体发生，新开展育苗的苗圃地菌根种类不甚丰富。菌根的生长伴随着板栗新根的发生和生长。     

申家店林区大型真菌资源调查及其应用前景分析

为合理开发和利用申家店林区的真菌资源,选取不同时间段采用实地调研的方法对申家店林区真菌种类进行了资源调查。研究表明该林区共有真菌15科23属28种,其中优势种10种,毒菌6种,由此证实了申家店林区环境复杂多样,适于多种真菌生存。同时也分析了真菌与植物、生态环境之间的相互关系,为后续开展林区真菌开发与研究提供技术支持。     

转基因番茄栽培对土壤生物学特性的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了转基因番茄和非转基因番茄栽培对土壤酶活性、土壤微生物量碳含量以及土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的影响。结果表明：与非转基因番茄相比,一个栽培周期内,转基因番茄土壤脲酶活性无显著性差异,在盛花期（63 d）和盛果期（127 d）,转基因番茄显著降低了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,转基因番茄在苗期（37 d）极显著地提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶活性,苗期和盛花期显著降低了土壤微生物量碳含量,种植转基因番茄极显著地降低了土壤真菌数量,在苗期和结果初期（97 d）,转基因番茄极显著地降低了土壤细菌数量,而对土壤中放线菌数量的影响无显著性差异。     

Reduction of fungal growth and lignin decomposition in needle litter by avian excreta

The effects of excessive addition of excreta from the Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, a colonial piscivorous bird, on the growth and the ability of fungi to decompose needle litter of Chamaecyparis obtusa were examined by a pure-culture test. Colony growth rate, mass loss of needle litter, and utilization patterns of lignin and carbohydrates were investigated and compared for 22 species in basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, and zygomycetes. Colony growth rate of basidiomycetes decreased on medium supplemented with excreta (excreta medium) as compared to control medium without excreta, whereas such a difference was not found for ascomycetes. Mass loss of needle litter caused by basidiomycetes was generally higher than those caused by ascomycetes and zygomycetes. Basidiomycetes decomposed both lignin and carbohydrates in various proportions, whereas ascomycetes and zygomycetes decomposed carbohydrates selectively. Mass loss of litter caused by basidiomycetes and ascomycetes was lower when incubated on excreta medium than on control medium. Mass loss of lignin and nitrogen caused by basidiomycetes was lower on excreta medium than on control medium, whereas such differences were not found for ascomycetes. Mass loss of carbohydrate was not different between the media for basidiomycetes or ascomycetes.     

天然防腐剂在果蔬保鲜涂料中的应用

采用适当的方法从中草药中提取有效成分，并将其与被膜剂复合。针对各种常见水果病菌，采用平板抑菌试验筛选出５种具有显著抑菌能力的药种，进而用最低抑制发育浓度试验比较了各药种对不同病菌的抑制作用，为天然防腐剂在果蔬保鲜涂料中应用提供了依据。