斑节对虾幼体链壶菌病的防治试验

在斑节对虾无节幼体池前２～３小时用０．０１５～０．０２０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的亚甲基蓝或三氟乐灵作预防,１～２天后发现有链壶菌感染时再用０．０２０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的亚甲基蓝或０．０２０～０．０３０ｍｇ／浓度的三氟乐灵治疗。两种药物比较,三氟乐录能有效防治链壶菌病,其有效浓度为０．０２０～０．０５０ｍｇ／Ｌ;而亚甲基蓝在链壶菌感染不严重时才有效,若感染严重或无节幼体下池前未施药预防,待发病后再用药,治疗无效。     

真菌F2的解磷能力及其生长动态研究

实验分别采用以Ca3(PO4)2或卵磷脂为唯一磷源的液体培养基接种真菌(F2),在25℃,180r/min条件下振荡培养132h,通过不同时间取样测定培养液的pH、速效磷含量、菌丝体重和菌体所吸收的磷含量,研究真菌F2的生长动态及解磷能力。结果表明:随着培养时间的延长,培养液pH逐渐降低,溶磷量逐渐增加,菌体重量增加;菌株的溶磷量、菌丝体重量与培养液的pH存在负相关关系;F2解无机磷(Ca3(PO4)2)的能力要强于解有机磷(卵磷脂)的能力;F2菌株在摇床培养108h时,菌丝体重量达到最大值,其解磷效果也最佳。     

不同栽培年限人参根区土壤微生物区系变化

[目的]明确不同栽培年限人参根区土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌浓度变化情况。[方法]以吉林省多个产地人参根区土壤作为研究对象,通过稀释平板法对人参根区土壤中真菌、细菌和放线菌浓度进行统计、分析。[结果]不同地点采集的土壤样品的统计结果存在差异,但基本表现为随人参生长年限的增加,人参根区土壤中真菌浓度逐年升高,细菌和放线菌浓度逐年降低,且放线菌浓度的变化不如细菌显著。[结论]土壤类型、种植模式及人参生长年限对农田土和林地土中3类微生物的浓度均有影响,但生长年限对人参根区土壤微生物的影响最显著。     

分子生物学技术在真菌种性检测中的应用

本文介绍了当前应用于真菌分类学中的六种分子生物学技术（G C值、DNA互补,RNA技术,RFLP、RAPD五种核酸技术和一种蛋白质技术——同工酶技术）的原理、操作。适用范围及其应用状况,为食、药用真菌研究者和生产者提供参考。     

迷迭香精油对几种植物病原菌的抑菌活性研究

采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法测定了迷迭香精油对甜瓜蔓枯病菌、西瓜炭疽病菌、甜瓜灰霉病菌、甜瓜枯萎病菌、梨树腐烂病菌、柑橘黑腐病菌、油菜菌核病菌、蚕豆轮纹病菌和桃细菌性穿孔病菌的抑菌活性.结果表明:迷迭香精油对8种病原真菌都具有很好的抑菌活性,其EC50分别为843.9914、1 084.2372、483.9457、1 735.5866、1 011.7869、901.2150、356.8803、1 197.3657 μL/L;对桃细菌性穿孔病菌也具有一定的抑菌活性,浓度为100 mL/L时,抑菌圈直径为1.00 cm,最低抑菌浓度为1 000 μL/L.     

The use of Verticillium dahliae and Diplodia scrobiculata to induce resistance in Pinus halepensis against Diplodia pinea infection

The pathogenic fungi Verticillium alboatrum and Diplodia scrobiculata were assayed for biological control of Diplodia pinea on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). Young shoots were pre-treated with inoculations of either V. dahliae or D. scrobiculata, by placing colonized agar plugs on wounds made by removing a single needle fascicle. An inoculation with D. pinea was performed 15 days later. Two months after the shoot inoculations, the canker length on the stems was measured and the percentage of shoot dieback calculated. Verticillium dahliae and D. scrobiculata were found to significantly reduce the canker length of D. pinea (P < 0.05) when compared with positive controls. Diplodia pinea was slightly more sensitive to V. dahliae than to D. scrobiculata, but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the mean canker length between the two treatments. Trees pre-inoculated with V. dahliae resulted in 31.12% shoot dieback, while those pre-inoculated with D. scrobiculata resulted in 32.18% shoot dieback, compared with positive controls (42.85%).     

Changes in soil microbial community composition in response to fertilization of paddy soils in subtropical China

Repeated fertilizer applications to cultivated soils may alter the composition and activities of microbial communities in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the effects of different long term fertilization practices (control (CK), three levels of mineral fertilizer (N₁P₁K₁, N₂P₂K₂, and N₃P₃K₃), and organic manure (OM)) on soil environmental variables and microbial communities by using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers analysis in subtropical China. Study showed that OM treatment led to increases in soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) contents, while the mineral fertilizer treatment led to increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content. Changes in soil microbial communities (eg. bacteria, actinomycetes) were more noticeable in soils subjected to organic manure applications than in the control soils or those treated with mineral fertilizer applications. Fungal PLFA biomarkers responded differently from the other PLFA groups, the numerical values of fungal PLFA biomarkers were similar for all the OM and mineral fertilizer treatments. PCA analysis showed that the relative abundance of most PLFA biomarkers increased in response to OM treatment, and that increased application rates of the mineral fertilizer changed the composition of one small fungal PLFA biomarker group (namely 18:3ω6c and 16:1ω5c). Further, from the range of soil environmental factors that we examined, SOC, TN and TP were the key determinants affecting soil microbial community. Our results suggest that organic manure should be recommended to improve soil microbial activity in subtropical agricultural ecosystems, while increasing mineral fertilizer applications alone will not increase microbial growth in paddy soils.     

Predacious activity of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against cyathostome larvae in faeces after passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses

This study was undertaken to examine the potential of the nematode-trapping microfungus Duddingtonia flagrans to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract of horses and subsequently to destroy free-living stages of cyathostomes in faecal cultures. Three different oral dose levels were tested, two horses being used for each level. Faeces were collected twice daily and the number of parasite eggs per gram of faeces were determined. The numbers of infective third stage larvae which developed in faecal cultures were determined after the cultures had been incubated for 2 weeks at 24°C. Results showed a positive relationship between dose level and reduction in the number of infective larvae. Fungi were recovered in faeces at times which corresponded to high larval reduction.     

对家蚕有病原性的真菌在野外空气中分布动态的初步调查

应用挂片法调查,不同种类的家蚕病原真菌在野外空气中的时间分布和数量分布有异。     

Long-term effects of eight soil health treatments to control plant-parasitic nematodes and Verticillium dahliae in agro-ecosystems

There is an urgent need to test and develop sustainable methods for management of soil pathogens, such as the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the soil fungus Verticillium dahliae. Ultimately this should be investigated with a multidisciplinary approach, with long-term measurements of biological and chemical parameters and their final impact on crop yield under field conditions. The present study focusses on eight soil health treatments (compost, chitin, marigold, grass–clover, biofumigation, anearobic soil disinfestation, a physical control method and a combination of marigold, compost and chitin) and two control treatments (a chemical control with 300 L/ha Metam sodium and un untreated control). These 10 treatments were studied for their effects on soil chemical quality, soil pathogens and their impact on the yield of potato, lily and carrots during 6 years. The present study did demonstrate that in comparison to chemical control, additions of chitin, anaerobic soil disinfestation and marigold are already excellent alternatives for the control of plant-parasitic nematodes and V. dahliae. We also demonstrated that grass–clover, biofumigation, Cultivit and compost are not effective alternatives for chemical control yet and further development is needed. All treatments caused a yield increase in comparison with the control. The biggest increases of more than 60% were found for the treatments with chitin. Furthermore it was demonstrated that these yield increases were probably less influenced by changes in chemical soil properties, but the consequence of changes in the soil biota, in this case especially the effective control of P. penetrans and V. dahliae. Furthermore it has been demonstrated that most of these soil health treatments could already be implemented in an arable crop rotation and probably adapted for many areas of the world where other alternatives, such as solarisation or soil flooding, are not feasible or too risky.