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61.
AIM: To identify fungi isolated from infections of the bovine mammary gland, and establish their possible sources. METHODS: From a herd of 420 cows, milk samples were collected from all quarters at calving and cultured to detect causative organisms. Quarters identified as infected with fungi were further sampled during early lactation. Samples from feedstuffs, the feed pad and ends of teats were also collected and analysed for the presence of fungi. RESULTS: Eleven of 420 cows were diagnosed with intramammary infections (IMI) caused by yeasts (nine cows, 10 quarters) and moulds (two cows, three quarters). Six of the yeast species had previously been reported as being responsible for mastitis. Elevated somatic cell counts (SCC) were observed in many quarters, but most infections were eliminated spontaneously. Two of the fungi isolated from milk samples were also isolated from feedstuffs and teat swabs, and seven other fungi isolated from milk samples were not isolated from feed, the feed pad or cows' teats. CONCLUSIONS: Isolation of fungi from the udder is rarely reported in dairy cows in New Zealand. In this herd, contamination of the end of the teat originating from feedstuffs and possibly exacerbated by the use of a feed pad may have led to the establishment of IMI caused by fungi. CLINICAL RELEVENCE: Fungi are infrequently if ever reported in mastitis trial data or surveys in New Zealand and are probably of little clinical significance. 相似文献
62.
为了实现绿色生态农业、农作提质增效,加快生防菌剂的研发进度。本研究利用具有广谱拮抗玉米大斑病和大豆疫霉病野生大豆内生真菌Y6R15和Y2S2为试材,通过菌液灌根和叶喷处理,分析不同处理下玉米和大豆苗期干物质和根系指标的变化。结果表明:拮抗菌株Y6R15对玉米叶片和根干重促生作用明显,均提高根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数等指标,以根冠比指标标准Y6R15叶喷效果为最佳方式,依据根系指标特征变化Y6R15灌根效果好于叶喷。拮抗菌株Y2S2和Y6R15处理均对大豆有促生作用,效果显著,Y6R15菌株对玉米和大豆均有促生作用。 相似文献
63.
根据信息计量学原理运用文献分析法对《食用菌学报》1994~2008年载文数量、分类、基金论文率、论文合著、引文情况以及出版时滞等因素进行了分类和量化处理,同时对学报载文被引用情况进行统计分析,为作者和读者了解学报的发展及其影响力提供客观数据。 相似文献
64.
Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi in the organic layers of a scots pine forest soil 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The abundance and micro-stratification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages
(fresh litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus) was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Dynamics and stratification
of fluorescent stained bacteria and fungi, ratios between bacterial and fungal biomass, and relationships with moisture and
temperature are described. Average bacterial counts in litter and fragmented litter were similar, i.e., approximately 5×109 bacteriag–1 (dry weight) organic matter, and significantly exceeded those in humus. The mean bacterial biomass ranged from 0.338 to 0.252mg
carbon (C) g–1 (dry weight) organic matter. Lengths of mycelia were significantly below the usually recorded amounts for comparable temperate
coniferous forests. The highest average hyphal length, 53mg–1 (dry weight) organic matter, was recorded in litter and decreased significantly with depth. The corresponding mean fungal
biomass ranged from 0.050 to 0.009mg Cg–1 (dry weight). The abundance of bacteria and fungi was influenced by water content, that of fungi also by temperature. A litterbag
series with freshly fallen litter of standard quality, renewed bimonthly, revealed a clear seasonal pattern with microbial
biomass peaks in winter. The mean hyphal length was 104mg–1 (dry weight) and mean number of bacteria, 2.40×109 bacteria g–1 (dry weight). Comparable bacterial and fungal biomass C were found in the freshly fallen litter [0.154 and 0.132mgCg–1 (dry weight) organic material, respectively]. The ratio of bacterial-to-fungal biomass C increased from 1.2 in fresh litter
to 28.0 in humus. The results indicate the existence of an environmental stress factor affecting the abundance of fungi in
the second phase of decomposition. High atmospheric nitrogen deposition is discussed as a prime factor to explain low fungal
biomass and the relatively short lengths of fungal hyphae in some of the forest soil layers under study.
Received: 26 June 1997 相似文献
65.
Four natural organic fertilizers, alone or in combination with the synthetic organic fertilizer isobutylidene diurea (IBDU),
were compared with IBDU alone for their effect on soil/root microbial populations associated with bermudagrass grown on a
golf course putting green in southern Florida, USA. Populations of total fungi, total bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, actinomycetes and heat-tolerant bacteria were monitored every 3 months during the 2-year study. On only one sampling date
and for only one bacterial population (S. maltophilia) was a significant difference in microbial populations obtained among the fertilizer treatments. However, the S. maltophilia populations associated with the natural organic fertilizer treatments were not significantly different from the synthetic
organic IBDU fertilizer treatment.
Received: 4 April 1997 相似文献
66.
Xiaojuan Feng 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(4):804-26
Soil incubations are often used to investigate soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and its response to increased temperature, but changes in the activity and community composition of the decomposers have rarely been included. As part of an integrated investigation into the responses of SOM components in laboratory incubations at elevated temperatures, fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured in two grassland soils contrasting in SOM quality (i.e. SOM composition), and changes in the microbial biomass and community composition were monitored. Whilst easily-degradable SOM and necromass released from soil preparation may have fuelled microbial activity at the start of the incubation, the overall activity and biomass of soil microorganisms were relatively constant during the subsequent one-year soil incubation, as indicated by the abundance of soil PLFAs, microbial respiration rate (r), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). PLFAs relating to fungi and Gram-negative bacteria declined relative to Gram-positive bacteria in soils incubated at higher temperatures, presumably due to their vulnerability to disturbance and substrate constraints induced by faster exhaustion of available nutrient sources at higher temperatures. A linear correlation was found between incubation temperatures and the microbial stress ratios of cyclopropane PLFA-to-monoenoic precursor (cy17:0/16:1ω7c and cy19:0/18:1ω7c) and monoenoic-to-saturated PLFAs (mono/sat), as a combined effect of temperature and temperature-induced substrate constraints. The microbial PLFA decay patterns and ratios suggest that SOM quality intimately controls microbial responses to global warming. 相似文献
67.
[目的]研究不同堆沤处理香菇菌渣复合基质对鲜食黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。[方法]采用A、B、C 3种堆沤方法对香菇菌渣进行处理,测定和分析发酵过程中菌渣温度和EC值变化,将处理后的菌渣与草炭、珍珠岩、蛭石组成复合基质,并以“鼎丰98F1”鲜食黄瓜为供试品种进行育苗试验。[结果]采用B方法进行堆沤处理温度高时间短,腐熟效果较好;复合基质T5和T6的理化性质基本都在理想基质范围值内;除在出苗率方面低于对照外,处理T5(腐熟菌渣∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=1∶2∶1)在株高、根长和干鲜重等方面均明显高于对照(CK),处理T6(腐熟菌渣∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=2∶1∶1)在根冠比和壮苗指数值上均为最大,且明显优于对照(CK)。[结论]复合基质T5和T6可以作为鲜食黄瓜的无土育苗基质在生产中应用。 相似文献
68.
Arctic soils emit nitrous oxide, which is a potent greenhouse gas and also represents an important loss of nitrogen to oligotrophic Arctic ecosystems. However, little is known about the temperature sensitivity of nitrous oxide release in Arctic soils or the organisms mainly responsible for it. We investigated controls on nitrous oxide emissions in an Arctic soil across a typical temperature range (between 4 and 13 °C) on Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, Canada (75°40′N 84°35′W) at two different moisture contents. When fertilized with ammonia or nitrate, nitrous oxide emissions and temperature dependence of nitrous oxide emissions were insensitive to soil moisture content but linked to nitrification rates. Stable isotope analysis revealed that nitrous oxide was predominantly released by nitrifiers. However, nitrous oxide emissions were not linked to nitrifier prevalence with an insignificant (P < 0.219) increase in amoA genes and a (P < 0.01) decrease in archaeal nitrifiers. In contrast, denitrifier nosZ prevalence was 10,000 times greater than that of nitrifiers and was related to nitrous oxide emission potential when soils were fertilized with nitrate. Manipulating water-filled pore space should have changed the pattern of N2O emissions. We used selective inhibitors to further explore why denitrification did not occur under field conditions when we manipulated water-filled pore space or when we used 15N analysis. When fungi were inhibited in the soil, nitrous oxide emissions from denitrifiers increased with no change in nitrous oxide released by nitrifiers. When fungi were active in the soil, there was little available nitrate but when fungi were inhibited, available soil nitrate increased over the incubation period. The dominance of nitrifiers in nitrous oxide emissions from Arctic soils under field conditions is linked to the competition for nitrate between fungi and denitrifiers. 相似文献
69.
70.