Effect of organic nitrogen fertilizers on microbial populations associated with bermudagrass putting greens

 Four natural organic fertilizers, alone or in combination with the synthetic organic fertilizer isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), were compared with IBDU alone for their effect on soil/root microbial populations associated with bermudagrass grown on a golf course putting green in southern Florida, USA. Populations of total fungi, total bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, actinomycetes and heat-tolerant bacteria were monitored every 3 months during the 2-year study. On only one sampling date and for only one bacterial population (S. maltophilia) was a significant difference in microbial populations obtained among the fertilizer treatments. However, the S. maltophilia populations associated with the natural organic fertilizer treatments were not significantly different from the synthetic organic IBDU fertilizer treatment. Received: 4 April 1997     

连作大豆土壤病原菌的分离及其致病性的研究

在微生物３大类群中,细菌总数在整个大豆生育期内占绝对优势,重茬低于正茬,花期、结荚期尤为明显;放线菌数量总体变幅不大,花期、成熟期重茬高于正茬,而苗期则相反;真菌数量变化很大,重茬高于正茬,花期最为显著。在连作大豆根际土壤中,有益真菌减少,有害真菌增加。将真菌优势菌群中的尖镰孢菌、半裸镰孢菌和粉红粘帚菌回接大豆,均产生不同程度的致病性,导致大豆根腐病的发生,花期前后（３８～５０ｄ）病症明显。３菌株毒素粗提物对大豆毒害性试验结果表明：大豆发芽率显著降低,植株生长受阻。     

丛枝菌根菌对大田辣椒产量及抗病性的影响

在大田辣椒上接种两种丛枝菌根真菌(Glomus mosseae)和(Glomus etunicatum)。两种处理的单株产量比对照都有显著提高,其中G.etunicatum的单株产量增加了116.4%,疫霉病发病率降低了41%。     

Earthworms increase the ratio of bacteria to fungi in northern hardwood forest soils, primarily by eliminating the organic horizon

The exotic earthworm invasion in hardwood forests of the northern United States is associated with many ecosystem-level changes. However, less is known about the effects of the invasion on the composition of the soil microbial community through which ecosystem-level changes are mediated. Further, earthworm effects on soil microbial community composition have not been well studied in the field. To evaluate changes in bacterial and fungal abundance associated with the earthworm invasion we quantified bacterial and fungal biomass by microscopic counts in paired earthworm-invaded (earthworm) and earthworm-free (reference) plots in five forest stands in central New York (USA). Earthworms significantly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi on an area basis (per m²), by more than two times in mid-summer and early autumn. While this effect was associated primarily with the lack of the fungal-dominated organic horizon in earthworm plots, a higher ratio of bacteria to fungi in the surface 5 cm mineral soil also contributed as it developed between spring and mid-summer. Earthworm reduction of fungal biomass was confirmed by substantially lower growth of fungal hyphae into mesh sand bags in earthworm compared to reference plots. Burrowing activity by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi over the short-term within earthworm plots, introducing small-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with burrows. Our study suggests that the exotic earthworm invasion in these northern hardwood forests markedly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi by eliminating the fungal-rich organic horizon, and was associated localized increases in bacterial vs. fungal abundance in mineral soil, setting the stage for future research into linkages between the earthworm invasion, bacterial and fungal abundance, and ecosystem processes.     

斑节对虾幼体链壶菌病的防治试验

在斑节对虾无节幼体池前２～３小时用０．０１５～０．０２０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的亚甲基蓝或三氟乐灵作预防,１～２天后发现有链壶菌感染时再用０．０２０ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的亚甲基蓝或０．０２０～０．０３０ｍｇ／浓度的三氟乐灵治疗。两种药物比较,三氟乐录能有效防治链壶菌病,其有效浓度为０．０２０～０．０５０ｍｇ／Ｌ;而亚甲基蓝在链壶菌感染不严重时才有效,若感染严重或无节幼体下池前未施药预防,待发病后再用药,治疗无效。     

嗜热真菌对蘑菇促生机制的研究

嗜热真菌是蘑菇堆肥二次发酵后培养阶段的主要微生物类群。它们在堆肥中的数量及活性与蘑菇的产量有很大的相关性。本文综述了近年来，国外以嗜热色串孢（Ｓｃｙｔａｌｉｄｉｕｍｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｈｉｌｕｍ）为典型种，研究其对蘑菇菌丝促生作用的生物机制的主要成果，国外主要研究了嗜热色串孢在堆肥中的分布、数量，生长动力学特性以及呼吸机制等，同时发现嗜热色串孢的呼吸作用形成适宜的ＣＯ２浓度可使得蘑菇菌丝尽早占料，获取生态优势，本文还介绍了国内有关嗜热真菌的研究及应用。     

酯酶同工酶在食用菌菌种选育中的应用研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳 ,分析了不同培养时间和不同培养基种类对平菇、杏鲍菇、白灵菇酯酶同工酶的影响 ,结果表明在不同培养时间和不同培养基条件下 ,酯酶同工酶酶谱的酶带呈现不同的多态性 ,由此提示同工酶在食用菌菌种选育的应用上应固定最佳培养时间及最适培养基种类 ,并在所有操作条件一致的情况下 ,才能得到稳定准确的分析结果     

高效脂肪酶产生真菌的筛选、鉴定及产酶条件优化

研究旨在筛选高产脂肪酶活性的菌株,并鉴定其菌属及确定其最佳产酶条件。采集富含油脂的土壤,通过溴甲酚紫平板法进行菌株分离筛选,并采用橄榄油乳化法测定脂肪酶活力。利用真菌ITS序列通用引物进行PCR扩增,将测序结果Blast比对,并建系统发育树。采用正交试验设计优化产酶条件。通过筛选得到1株产脂肪酶的真菌菌株GW-1,经鉴定为黑曲霉Aspergillus niger。经单因素试验和正交试验得到该菌的最佳产酶条件为:葡萄糖0.5%、黄豆粉2.0%、橄榄油1.0%、MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%、pH值9.0、接种量8%、装液量50 ml/250 ml、发酵4 d。在此发酵条件下,其产酶活力可达39.82 U/(ml.min)。试验结果显示,访菌株在产脂肪酶能力上具有显著优越性,且菌株GW-1产酶活力较优化前高出19.96 U/(ml.min),提高了100.50%。     

真菌角质酶研究进展

真菌角质酶是一种诱导酶,能够破坏寄主表皮角质,削弱寄主抗病性。近年来,国内外已对真菌角质酶进行了大量研究。笔者从真菌角质酶来源、结构和特性,分子水平研究及致病过程中作用等方面较为系统阐述了角质酶的研究成果。     

双胞蘑菇菌渣施用对龙眼园土壤呼吸及可溶性有机碳的影响

在10℃、20℃、30℃温度条件下,采用室内模拟试验,研究不同施肥处理对龙眼园土壤呼吸、土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)以及土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量的影响.结果表明:在85 d的培养期内各施肥处理土壤呼吸速率都表现为培养前期保持较高水平,之后快速下降,培养后期保持相对稳定的趋势,土壤CO2累积排放量为1 439～4 44...