采用碳水足迹评价中国与哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产模式

农业生产已进入机械化生产时代,定量评价作物机械化生产的环境影响、水资源消耗、生产效率等已成为迫切需要解决的问题。该研究以中国黑龙江垦区和哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州的大豆机械化生产模式为例,从碳足迹、水足迹和产量3个方面对大豆的机械化进行分析与评价生产模式。研究结果表明:中国黑龙江垦区下属嫩江农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹、水足迹和大豆产量分别为0.51 kg/kg、1.82 m3/hm2和2 875 kg/hm2,哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图州阿曼格迪农场分别为0.52 kg/kg、2.76 m3/hm2和2 000 kg/hm2。相较于嫩江农场,阿曼格迪农场大豆机械化生产的碳足迹高2.08%,水足迹高51.83%,大豆产量低30.43%。因此,阿曼格迪农场未来大豆机械化生产需以节水增产为重要发展目标。结合实际生产情况,更新与配套大豆机械化生产的各类农机具、推广节水灌溉技术、建立大豆机械化生产作业规范,有助于提升哈萨克斯坦大豆机械化生产水平。该研究可为多角度评价不同区域作物机械化生产模式提供案例参考。     

半干旱区坡耕地抗旱保水技术集成对大豆水分利用效率的影响

黑龙江省西部半干旱区属典型的东北黑土区,为我国重要的商品粮生产基地。然而,由于地形地貌、气候条件的复杂多变,降水的时空分布不均,以及人类的长期干预造成的生态环境的改变,致使该区连年干旱。干旱及水土流失已成为制约该区经济发展的主要因素。根据黑龙江省西部半干旱区的自然特点,选取了坐水播种和苗期补灌2种抗旱节水技术和垄向区田保水技术,在甘南县国家863试验基地研究了该3项技术的集成对WUE的影响。结果表明,该项技术可以显著的提高大豆的WUE值。     

设施菜地土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失模拟评价

设施菜地因大水大肥管理方式导致的氮素淋失已成为当前关注焦点。探寻氮素淋失阻控技术需要首先探明土壤中NO_3~--N的运移和淋失过程,找到淋失阻控的关键点,从而实现蔬菜栽培高产量低环境成本。本研究以京郊设施菜地黄瓜-番茄轮作系统为研究对象,通过田间试验获取土壤温度、湿度、NO_3~--N含量等数据,对反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型进行参数校验,并以农民常规种植模式为基线情景,设置改变土壤基础性质、灌溉量、施氮量等不同情景,运用DNDC模型对设施菜地系统土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失进行定量评价。结果表明:经验证后的DNDC模型能够较好地模拟蔬菜产量、5 cm土壤温度和0～20 cm土壤孔隙含水率变化以及NO_3~--N的迁移过程,是模拟和评价氮素运移和损失的有效工具。模拟不同情景表明,设施菜地0～60 cm土壤NO_3~--N累积主要受灌溉水量和氮肥施入量的影响,此外土壤pH和土壤有机碳的变化也是影响NO_3~--N运移的重要因子。节水节肥是设施菜地氮素淋失减量的最有效方法,相比常规措施,同时减少20%灌溉量和20%施氮量可明显降低59.04%的NO_3~--N淋失量。同时,在节水节肥的基础上改变灌溉方式并提高20%土壤有机碳含量,在保证蔬菜产量的前提下,能够进一步降低69.04%的NO_3~--N淋失量。可见, DNDC模型为设施菜地NO_3~--N淋失评价和阻控提供了一个较好的解决方案。在当前重点关注减氮节水等管理措施的同时,提高土壤本身的质量,不失为一种更有效的减少设施菜地氮素淋失的途径。     

蔬菜穴盘苗弧形展开式自动取投苗装置设计与试验

针对穴盘苗取投苗装置机械结构较复杂、取投苗易失败等问题,该研究设计了一种蔬菜穴盘苗弧形展开式自动取投苗装置。通过对取投苗作业过程进行分析,提出整排取苗、弧形展开投苗的自动取投苗作业方式,对夹苗组件、导向槽、旋转接苗机构等进行设计,并确定各部件关键参数,搭建PLC自动控制系统,设计执行单元的气动回路方案,并提出匹配延时函数。以辣椒穴盘苗为试验对象,以平均取投苗频率、供气压力、基质平均含水率为试验因素,以取投苗成功率、损伤率为试验指标进行正交试验,并以较优参数组合进行重复验证试验。试验结果表明：平均取投苗频率为90株/min、供气压力为0.4 MPa、基质平均含水率为30%时,取投苗成功率为94.05%,损伤率为1.19%,该研究可为自动取投苗装置的研发提供参考。     

Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen in Soils with Contrasting Fertility Was Regulated Differently by Addition of Biochar and Animal Manures

ABSTRACT

How to restore the soil fertility and productivity in a damaged and then reclaimed area with extremely low fertility is a big concern worldwide. To explore the method of soil restoration in the coal mining subsidence area, the effects of biochar application coupled with organic fertilizer (animal manures) on the process of organic nitrogen (N) mineralization were studied in a 149 days leaching experiment. Biochar were applied (wt/wt) at the rates of 0%, 1%, and 3%. Two organic fertilizers with different C/N ratio (chicken and sheep manures) were applied at the rate of 200 mg N·kg^?1 soil. A vegetable soil with high-fertility was used as the comparison. The results showed that when treated with chicken manure, the reclaimed soil had 11.13% lower mineralization potential and 20.00% lower inorganic nitrogen production from mineralization than the vegetable soil. Compared with the non-biochar treatment, biochar at both application rates decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated reclaimed soil, i.e., by 21.49% (1% biochar) and 28.31% (3% biochar), respectively, whereas only high rate of biochar application decreased N leaching in chicken manure-treated vegetable soil by 8.10%. However, N leaching in sheep manure-treated reclaimed soil was unaffected by the biochar application. Thus, the effect of the biochar on the organic nitrogen mineralization was affected by both soil and organic fertilizer type.     

气吸滚筒式垄上三行大豆密植排种器设计与参数优化

针对1.1 m大垄垄上三行密植大豆栽培技术配套播种机不得不采用单行播种单体前后错排使用,导致播种机结构复杂、通过性差等问题,研究设计了一种与垄上三行大豆密植栽培模式配套的气吸滚筒式大豆排种器。通过理论分析初步确定其主要结构参数并建立充种过程力学模型,运用三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以真空度、作业速度、型孔孔径为试验因素,以粒距合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数、各行排量一致性变异系数为目标函数,参照国标GB6973-2005《单粒(精密)播种机试验方法》实施参数优化试验。结果表明:当参数组合为型孔孔径4.5 mm、真空度4.7~5.9 k Pa、作业速度低于9.1 km/h时,该排种器的合格指数≥95%、重播指数≤3%、漏播指数≤2%、各行排量一致性变异系数≤6.5%。研究结果为气吸滚筒式三行大豆排种器的开发奠定了基础。     

沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分和土壤化学性质的影响

为探讨沼肥在大豆上的合理施用技术,采用田间试验,研究沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分吸收利用及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥处理相比,100%沼渣、30%沼渣＋化肥、20%沼渣＋化肥处理的大豆产量分别增加1.02%,10.48%,0.16%;大豆粗脂肪含量分别增加2.31%,2.70%,5.07%;磷肥利用率分别增加5.04%,23.39%,8.60%;土壤有机质含量分别升高13.39%,3.68%,0.50%;20-80 cm土层内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量降低幅度分别在13.70%～61.56%,15.98%～70.10%之间。说明试验条件下,无论沼渣单施还是沼渣与化肥配施均可提高大豆粗脂肪含量、磷肥利用率、土壤有机质含量,降低氮素的流失。     

Nitrogen transformations in cold and frozen agricultural soils following organic amendments

Though microbial activity is known to occur in frozen soils, little is known about the fate of animal manure N applied in the fall to agricultural soils located in areas with prolonged winter periods. Our objective was to examine transformations of soil and pig slurry N at low temperatures. Loamy and clay soils were either unamended (Control), amended with ¹⁵NH₄-labeled pig slurry, or amended with the pig slurry and wheat straw. Soils were incubated at −6, −2, 2, 6, and 10 °C. The amounts of NH₄, NO₃ and microbial biomass N (MBN), and the presence of ¹⁵N in these pools were monitored. Total mineral N, NO₃ and ¹⁵NO₃ increased at temperature down to −2 °C in the loam soil and −6 °C in the clay soil, indicating that nitrification and mineralization proceeded in frozen soils. Nitrification and mineralization rates were 1.8-4.9 times higher in the clay than in the loamy soil, especially below freezing point (3.2-4.9), possibly because more unfrozen water remained in the clay than in the loamy soil. Slurry addition increased nitrification rates by 3-14 times at all temperatures, indicating that this process was N-limited even in frozen soils. Straw incorporation caused significant net N immobilization only at temperatures ≥2 °C in both soils; the rates were 1.4-3.4 higher in the loam than in the clay soil. Nevertheless, up to 30% of the applied ¹⁵N was present in MBN at all temperatures. These findings indicate that microbial N immobilization occurred in frozen soils, but was not strong enough to induce net immobilization below the freezing point, even in the presence of straw. The Q₁₀ values for estimated mineralization and nitrification rates were one to two orders-of-magnitude larger below 2 °C than above this temperature (13-208 versus 1.5-6.9, respectively), indicating that these processes are highly sensitive to a small increase in soil temperature around the freezing point of water. This study confirms that net mineralization and nitrification can occur at potentially significant rates in frozen agricultural soils, especially in the presence of organic amendments. In contrast, net N immobilization could be detected essentially above the freezing point. Our results imply that fall-applied N could be at risk of overwinter losses, particularly in fine-textured soils.     

蔬菜根际环境钒的形态变化及植物有效性

通过盆栽试验和Tessier连续提取法,研究了蔬菜根际和非根际土壤中钒的形态分布与植物有效性。结果表明,钒在根际和非根际土壤中主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,钒的含量随其形态不同而变化：当土壤中钒添加量从25mg·kg^-1增加到200mg·kg^-1时,根际土壤交换态钒的百分率增加了9．89％,碳酸盐结合态钒增加了9．38％,铁锰氧化物结合态钒增加了9．99％,残渣态钒的百分率下降了33．6％。土壤添加的钒量增加时,钒的迁移能力增强,使蔬菜的生物量显著降低,蔬菜对钒的吸收作用增强：钒添加量从0增至200mg·kg^-1时,蔬菜鲜质量降低了41．65％,而蔬菜中85％以上的钒积累在根部。根际土壤中碳酸盐结合态钒含量对植物的根、茎叶中钒含量有显著影响,碳酸盐结合态钒与蔬菜鲜质量呈显著负相关。     

浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤氮磷的积累及环境风险评价

长期过量施肥可导致蔬菜地土壤养分大量累积、养分利用效率下降和环境污染风险增加。以浙北平原不同种植年限蔬菜地土壤为研究对象,采用化学测试方法研究了菜地土壤氮和磷的积累及其淋失潜力的变化。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,蔬菜地土壤全磷、有效磷（Olsen P）和NO3-N呈明显的积累;蔬菜种植年限为〈2、2～5、6～10、11～20、20～30和＆gt;30a的表土全P平均分别为0.66、0.75、1.07、1.49、2.40和2.12g·kg-1,有效P平均分别为13.2、37.8、42.2、70.2、137.9和101.7mg·kg-1,NO3-N平均分别为9.15、13.58、50.18、46.48、73.28和74.20mg·kg-1,同时土壤N和P垂直下移渐趋明显。土壤水溶性磷含量随土壤有效磷（OlsenP）积累的变化存在一个明显的突变点,相对应的土壤OlsenP临界值约为60mg·kg-1。随着种植年限增长,蔬菜地地表径流中氮和磷浓度呈明显增加,利用年限为20～30a的蔬菜地径流中可溶性P和NO3-N浓度分别约为利用年限〈2a蔬菜地的13.12和9.48倍。研究认为,长期超量施肥已导致这一地区蔬菜地土壤养分的过度积累,在蔬菜生产中应重视和提倡平衡施肥,控制土壤氮磷的积累。