甘肃省南瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇抗性诱导及抗性菌株生物学性状研究

为了解甘肃省裸仁美洲南瓜白粉菌对己唑醇敏感性及抗性产生情况,采用小株喷雾法对采自兰州、武威、景泰等地的20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性进行了测定,利用紫外诱导、药剂驯化、先紫外后药剂驯化三种方法对敏感菌株进行了抗药性诱导,并对抗性突变菌株的生物学性状及其对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇的交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性存在一定差异,EC50值在17.77~285.54μg/mL范围内;与其他两种诱导方法相比药剂驯化方法获得的抗性突变菌株的抗性倍数最高,为8.94倍。敏感菌株和抗性突变菌株孢子萌发的最佳时间分别为36h和48h;抗性突变菌株产孢量和致病力明显高于敏感菌株;适合度测定表明抗性突变菌株与敏感菌株之间存在竞争力,孢子萌发率、芽管个数之间差异显著,菌丝分支数、产孢量之间差异不显著;抗性突变菌株在抗性突变菌株和敏感菌株混合比例为80∶20的群体中,存在频率比较稳定,连续培养7代后仍占85.69%;己唑醇抗性突变菌株对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇4种药剂未表现出交互抗性。研究结果可为甘肃省防治南瓜白粉病提供理论依据。     

吉林省西瓜蔓枯病菌对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑敏感基线的建立和抗性监测

为明确吉林省西瓜蔓枯病菌Stagonosporopsis citrulli对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的抗药性水平, 本试验采用菌丝生长速率法测定了151株西瓜蔓枯病菌对这两种药剂的敏感性及两种药剂对西瓜蔓枯病菌的MIC值, 并测定了吉林省7个西瓜主产区的375株菌株对这两种药剂的抗性水平。结果表明, 供试的151株菌株对这两种药剂的敏感性频率分布均呈连续的单峰曲线, 接近正态分布; 对咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的敏感基线分别为(0.203 0±0.135 3) μg/mL和(0.675 9±0.394 2) μg/mL; 两种药剂的最低抑制浓度MIC分别为20 μg/mL和40 μg/mL。供试375株菌株对两种杀菌剂的抗性频率均为0。本研究结果为咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑的合理用药策略提供了科学依据, 为后续其抗性风险评估奠定了基础。     

核盘菌对菌核净的抗药性机制初探

经药剂筛选获得对菌核净不同表型的核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) 抗药性突变体。与敏感亲本菌株相比, 抗药突变体MN 61 (MR ) 和MN 91 (HR) 在含1% 和8% 葡萄糖的PDA 上生长受到抑制,MN 113 (LR) 只对1% 葡萄糖敏感。通过测定抗药突变体MN 61 和野生敏感菌株PN 061 的电导率, 发现抗药突变体能在更短的时间里渗出更多的电解质。抗药突变体苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性比敏感亲本菌株高出1 倍以上, 当用不同浓度菌核净处理或饥饿处理时, 抗药突变体和敏感亲本菌株PAL 活性均上升, 但抗药突变体的酶活始终高于敏感亲本菌株。     

我国不同区域鸡源大肠杆菌的致病性与耐药性状分析

为比较我国不同地区发病鸡源大肠杆菌的致病类型、毒力因子差异和其耐药状况,探讨大肠杆菌对家禽生产和公共卫生的影响,对从山东、西藏等7个省(自治区)的发病鸡群分离获得的130株大肠杆菌菌株,用PCR方法进行了肠致病性大肠杆菌、肠毒素型大肠杆菌等5种致病类型检测和ompT、stx2等7种毒力因子检测,并用15种药物测其耐药性。结果发现,仅5株发病鸡源大肠杆菌为致病性大肠杆菌(3.85%,5/130),且均为肠产毒性大肠杆菌(ETEC)。130株大肠杆菌检测出iroN毒力因子检出率最高(69.23%,90/130),stx2最低(1.54%,2/130),其余均在50%~60%。分离菌株对四环素和氨苄西林耐药率最高,分别为91.54%(119/130)、90.77%(118/130),对美罗培南耐药率最低(12.31%,16/130);多重耐药严重,94.62%(123/130)的菌株对三类或三类以上的药物耐药。本研究通过比较不同地区养鸡场大肠杆菌的致病性和耐药情况,以进一步做好大肠杆菌病的防控。     

一株猪源大肠埃希氏菌卡那霉素耐药基因的研究

提取一株猪源大肠埃希氏菌卡那霉素耐药菌株E.coliBJ96147的质粒DNA进行转化,转化子能稳定表达其全部抗生素抗性,表明E.coliBJ96147对卡那霉素（K）、庆大霉（GM）、链霉素（S）、氯霉素（C）、四环素（Tc)、复方新诺明等六种抗生素的抗性由耐药性R质粒介导;根据已发表的编码卡那霉素抗性的磷酸转移酶[APH（3′）-Ⅱ]钝化酶基因的核苷酸序列,设计合成了一对引物P1和P2,用PVR技术检测其钝化酶基因,结果该引物扩增出了预期的578bp大小的PCR产物,淫限制性内切酶HindⅢ进行酶切分析,发现产物被切成二条带,与预出现的389bp及189bp二条带相符,说明PCR可用于检测猪源大肠埃希氏菌卡霉那素磷酸转移酶[APH（3′）-Ⅱ]钝化酶基因。     

Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions

Roundworms and flatworms that affect donkeys can cause disease. All common helminth parasites that affect horses also infect donkeys, so animals that co‐graze can act as a source of infection for either species. Of the gastrointestinal nematodes, those belonging to the cyathostomin (small strongyle) group are the most problematic in UK donkeys. Most grazing animals are exposed to these parasites and some animals will be infected all of their lives. Control is threatened by anthelmintic resistance: resistance to all 3 available anthelmintic classes has now been recorded in UK donkeys. The lungworm, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, is also problematical, particularly when donkeys co‐graze with horses. Mature horses are not permissive hosts to the full life cycle of this parasite, but develop clinical signs on infection. In contrast, donkeys are permissive hosts without displaying overt clinical signs and act as a source of infection to co‐grazing horses. Donkeys are also susceptible to the fluke, Fasciola hepatica. This flatworm can be transmitted, via snails and the environment, from ruminants. As with cyathostomins, anthelmintic resistance is increasing in fluke populations in the UK. A number of the anthelmintic products available for horses do not have a licence for use in donkeys, and this complicates the design of parasite control programmes. As no new equine anthelmintic classes appear to be near market, it is important that the efficacy of currently effective drugs is maintained. It is important that strategies are used that attempt to preserve anthelmintic efficacy. These strategies should be based on the concept that the proportion of worms in a population not exposed to anthelmintic at each treatment act as a source of ‘refugia’. The latter is an important factor in the rate at which resistance develops. Thus, it is imperative that parasite control programmes take into account the need to balance therapy to control helminth‐associated disease with the requirement to preserve anthelmintic effectiveness.     

Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic β cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis

Reasons for performing study: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is diagnosed rarely in equine practice although it may be under‐recognised. A greater awareness of the condition and therapeutic considerations would be to the benefit of such cases presenting in practice. More investigation into the pharmacological management of these cases is needed. Objectives: Three cases of diabetes mellitus were investigated using a specific test for insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β cell function in order to define accurately and characterise the existence of T2DM in all 3 subjects. Methods: The insulin‐modified frequently sampled i.v. glucose tolerance test was performed in each case and the data so obtained were subject to minimal model analysis of insulin‐glucose dynamics. Cases were then monitored following treatment using a combination of dietary modification, metformin, glibenclamide and pergolide. Results: Marked insulin resistance was identified in each case and, furthermore, severe pancreatic β cell dysfunction was present therefore classifying each case as end stage T2DM. Treatment was nevertheless associated with restoration of normoglycaemia in all cases. Conclusions: T2DM in horses may be more common than generally considered. In some cases individuals may respond to therapy aimed at restoring insulin sensitivity and pancreatic function. Drugs used in other species for the treatment of T2DM have not yet been adequately tested in horses. Potential relevance: T2DM should be considered as an important differential diagnosis in mature to elderly horses and ponies suffering from weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria. Clinicians should be encouraged to offer treatment and management advice when such cases are encountered.     

20份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性综合评价及光合特性分析

在温室条件下,采用反复干旱法,对引进的20份无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)种质材料,以存活率、株高、绿叶数、地上生物量、地下生物量和根冠比6个指标的抗旱系数值,采用聚类分析法、标准差系数赋予权重法进行综合评价。结果表明:20份无芒雀麦苗期抗旱性划分成3个级别,其中抗旱性较强的有9份材料,抗旱性较弱有6份材料,抗旱性居中的有5份材料。20份无芒雀麦种质材料苗期抗旱性排序结果为ZXY06P-1621抗旱性最强,ZXY05P-1171最弱。不同抗旱级别种质材料的光合特性表现为:随着持续干旱胁迫延续,其光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(G_s)均呈下降趋势,复水后迅速上升;而CO₂浓度的变化趋势则呈相反变化趋势,且在整个胁迫过程中变化差异不显著。干旱胁迫下抗旱性强的材料能够保持较高的光合性能。     

家蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶研究进展

谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶在内外源有毒物质的代谢中起着重要作用。家蚕既是重要的经济昆虫,也是重要的模式生物。家蚕作为鳞翅目昆虫的模式生物,研究家蚕谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶,对于阐明谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶与杀虫剂抗性的关系,防治农林害虫有着重要的理论意义。本文就谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶在家蚕中的研究现状作了归纳,希望对今后谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的研究能有所帮助。     

结缕草属杂交后代抗寒性评价

以结缕草(Zoysia Willd.)杂交后代为材料,以Z014(马尼拉)、Z129(青岛结缕草)及Z077(“兰引3号”结缕草)为对照,以电解质外渗法和地下茎恢复性生长评价其抗寒性,分析抗寒性、枯萎期及青绿期的回归关系。结果表明:叶片电解质外渗率半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变化范围为-5.78~-8.26℃,其中22-2、40-2和40-8的半致死温度均低于对照;叶片半致死温度由低到高,即抗寒性由强到弱依次为22-2>40-2>40-8>Z077>Z129>Z014>40-5>31-3>18-1>18-4>37-1>22-3;地下茎恢复生长试验结果表明,杂交后代在-6℃时全部致死,在-2℃处理后均可以恢复生长,恢复生长的百分率变异较大(14.7%~100%),其中31-3与40-2超过Z014与Z077,22-2超过Z077;供试材料间叶片和地下茎抗寒性的测定结果一致;回归分析结果表明,叶片的半致死温度、青绿期及枯萎期相关不显著。